<p>Sellana  is a former municipality in the Karditsa regional unit, Thessaly, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Palamas, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 89.490 km. Population 4,551 . The seat of the municipality was in Proastio, which has 1,833 inhabitants. Other communities in the municipal unit are those of Marathea, comprising the villages Marathea  and Korda , with a combined population of 901, Agia Triada , Pedino  and Kalogriana with a population count of 589.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Sellana is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Agia Triada</p><br>
<p>Kalogriana</p><br>
<p>Marathea (Marathea, Korda)</p><br>
<p>Pedino</p><br>
<p>Proastio</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>Subic Bay is a bay on the west coast of the island of Luzon in the Philippines, about 100 km northwest of Manila Bay. An extension of the South China Sea, its shores were formerly the site of a major United States Navy facility named USA Naval Base Subic Bay, which is now the location of an industrial and commercial area known as the Subic Bay Freeport Zone under the Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority.</p><br>
<p>Today, water as well as the towns and establishments surrounding the bay are collectively referred to as Subic Bay. This includes the former US naval base at SBMA, Hanjin shipyard, Olongapo city, the town of Barrio Baretto, the Municipality of Subic, and the erstwhile US defence housing areas of Binictican and Kalayan housing, up to Morong in Bataan Province.</p><br>
<p>The bay was long recognized for its deep and protected waters, but development was slow due to lack of level terrain around the bay.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1542, Spanish conquistador Juan de Salcedo sailed into Subic Bay but no port developed there because the main Spanish naval base would be established in the nearby Manila Bay. When the British captured this base in 1762, the Spanish were forced to find an alternate location and Subic Bay was found to be a strategic and superb port location. In 1884, King Alfonso XII of Spain decreed that Subic was to become "a naval port and the property appertaining thereto set aside for naval purposes."</p><br>
<p>In 1899 during the Philippine–American War, the Americans captured the Spanish base and controlled the bay until 1991. During this period, the naval facilities were greatly built up and expanded, including a new naval air station that was built in the early 1950s by slicing the top half from a mountain and moving the soil to reclaim a part of Subic Bay. In 1979, the area under American control was reduced from 24,000 hectare to 6,300 hectare when the Philippines claimed sovereign rule over the base.</p><br>
<p>Following the destruction of the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption, the Americans closed the base, and the area was transformed into the Subic Bay Freeport Zone.</p><br>
<p>In 2012, controversy arose when a contracted shipping firm was accused of dumping toxic waste into Subic Bay. MT Glenn Guardian, one of the vessels owned by a Malaysian firm, had collected some 189,500 l of domestic waste and about 760 l of bilge water from the USS Emory Land, an American Navy ship. Since the Malaysian firm was contracted by the US Navy, albeit under Philippine approval, this incident ignited anti-American sentiments in the Philippines from a single militant group.</p><br>
<h2>Pamulaklakin Nature Park</h2><br>
<p>The Pamulaklakin Nature Park is a reserve area of Binictican. Part of the 11 thousand hectares of forest is found at Subic Bay. The park was created by the Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority to supplement the income of the indigenous people. The term Pamulaklakin was derived from the native Ambala language, which means a herbal vine.</p><br>
<h2>Shipwrecks of Subic Bay</h2><br>
<p>The majority of the wrecks in Subic Bay are a result of either the Spanish–American War in 1898 or of World War II, where a number of Japanese vessels were sunk by American aircraft.</p><br>
<p>El Capitan was a freighter of nearly 3,000 tons just under 130 meters long. She sank in Subic Bay where she rests on a sloping bottom.</p><br>
<p>Hell ship Oryoku Maru: On 15 December 1944, she had 1,619 American, British and Czech prisoners of war on board when she was sunk, under heavy bombardment by American fighters while on her way from Subic Bay to Japan. She was less than half a kilometer off the Alava Pier when attacked. About 300 prisoners died during the short voyage from Manila and during the attack.</p><br>
<p>Seian Maru: During an air raid on Subic Bay, the 3,712 ton freighter Seian Maru was bombed and sunk. This was only four days after the sinking of the Oryoku Maru on 19 December 1944.</p><br>
<p>LST (Landing Ship, Tank) This is one of the large LSTs that litter the floor of Subic Bay. She was scuttled in 1946 in the middle of Subic Bay between the southern tip of the runway and Grande Island.</p><br>
<p>The old, which had been renamed the USS Rochester (CA-2) in 1917. At the onset of the Japanese invasion of the Philippines, this ship was acting as a floating workshop and storehouse. Already decommissioned, the armored hull of the old cruiser was considered too valuable to allow Japanese forces to capture it, so the ship was scuttled in December 1941 by American forces.</p><br>
<p>San Quentin: During the Spanish–American War in 1898, the Spanish scuttled their San Quintín (now often referred to as the San Quentin) in the hope of blocking the passage between Grande Island and Chiquita Islands near the mouth of Subic Bay.</p><br>
<p>Mesopotamia , Bulgarian and Macedonian Slavic: Четирок, is a village and a former municipality in Kastoria regional unit, West Macedonia, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Kastoria, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 99.173 km. Population 4,224 .</p><br>
<p>The municipality was formed at the 1997 Kapodistrias reform under the name Aliakmonas, after the river Aliakmonas. It was renamed to Mesopotamia in 2006. The town of Mesopotamia was the seat of the municipality.</p><br>
<h2>Sights</h2><br>
<p>Mesopotamia has three Byzantine style churches. The most recent and largest is that of the cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul. The oldest church is the church of St.Constantine and St.Helen which contains the village cemetery, and the church of Saint Demetrios. The chapel of St. George is a few kilometers outside of the village.</p><br>
<p>There is a Cultural Center as well. This center supports and preserves the λοψαλ culture. It holds annual ceremonies on May 19, a day of remembrance for the population, at the Forest of Mesopotamia near the Aliakmon River. Finally, the town also has bars and nightclubs.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>Mesopotamia is a rural residential community. Its economy is entirely dependent on the agriculture of wheat. It also houses small private fur industry that is outsourced from the major fur traders of Kastoria. As the seat of the Aliakmonas municipality, Mesopotamia contains the Aliakmonas Municipal Building. It also contains a pharmacy, and a supermarket. The community of Mesopotamia has recently been linked to a branch of Northern Greece&#39;s brand new Egnatia Odos highway.</p><br>
<h2>Sport</h2><br>
<p>Mesopotamia has a football (soccer) team called or simply Astrapi (Grk.Αστραπή)and its origin year is believed to be in the mid-1950s, 1956-1957. It hosts games at the.</p><br>
<p>Kleisoura  is a traditionally Aromanian  settlement and a former municipality in Kastoria regional unit, West Macedonia, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform, it is part of the municipality of Kastoria, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 37.069 km. Population 259 .</p><br>
<h2>Kleisoura Massacre</h2><br>
<p>On 5 April 1944, the German occupation forces under the command of Karl Schümers, commander of the 7th regiment of the 4th Armored Division of the SS, the same unit to later that year commit the massacre in Distomo, slaughtered the women and children of Kleisoura in retaliation for the execution of three German soldiers by ELAS close to the village. The ELAS guerrillas, led by Alexis Rosios from Siatisti ("Captain Ypsilantis"), who were active in the region, had attacked a German military phalanx at Daouli, close to Kleisoura, and had killed a vanguard of three motorcyclists. According to testimonies, the male residents, fearing retaliation, fled to the mountains surrounding the village.</p><br>
<p>After finding the mutilated bodies of the Wehrmacht soldiers close to the local church, the German SS unit went to the homes, broke the doors of the majority of the houses, shot the people within, set fire to the buildings and also killed whom they found in the streets. Altogether 270 residents were killed, the overwhelming majority of them being women, children and elderly people. Involved in the atrocities was also a Bulgarian militia under German command, led by Andon Kalchev. Colonel Karl Schümers was summoned by the German administration for having ordered the slaughter of women and children. He testified that his soldiers were forced to kill the civilians because rebel forces were hiding and firing through the village, whereupon he was acquitted, despite the contradictory statements of his subordinates. After the war it was proved that his testimony was false.</p><br>
<h2>Prominent people</h2><br>
<p>Army General Constantine Lianis (Κωνσταντίνος Λιάνης), a war hero, and one of the founders of the Greek secret services (KYP), originated from Kleisoura. His daughter is Dimitra Liani (Δήμητρα Λιάνη), who became first the lover, and then the third and last wife of Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou.</p><br>
<p>Makednoi  is a former municipality in Kastoria regional unit, West Macedonia, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Kastoria, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 37.614 km. Population 3,220 . The seat of the municipality was in Mavrochori. It comprises three municipal departments: Dispilio , Mavrochori  and Polykarpi .</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The name is derived from the Ancient Greek name meaning "Macedonian", Makednos (Μακεδνός). Whereas in Greek the municipality is usually referred to as Dimos Makednon (Δήμος Μακεδνών), using the genitive plural form of the ancient name, Makednoi is the nominative plural form ("Macedonians"). In English, the names Makednon, Makednoi, Makednos and Makednes are occasionally used.</p><br>
<p>Nestorio ; Нѐсрам ) is a village and a municipality in the Kastoria regional unit of Macedonia, Greece. Nestorio is approximately 28 km southwestwards of Kastoria, at the banks of the river Aliakmon.</p><br>
<h2>Municipality</h2><br>
<p>The municipality Nestorio was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 4 former municipalities, that became municipal units:</p><br>
<p>Akrites</p><br>
<p>Arrenes</p><br>
<p>Gramos</p><br>
<p>Nestorio</p><br>
<p>The municipality has an area of 616.072 km, the municipal unit 336.326 km.</p><br>
<h3>Subdivisions</h3><br>
<p>The municipal unit of Nestorio is divided into the following communities:</p><br>
<p>Kypseli</p><br>
<p>Kotyli</p><br>
<p>Nestorio</p><br>
<p>Ptelea</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area was ruled by the Ottoman Empire until the Balkan Wars of 1912-13, in the late 19th and early 20th century as part of Manastir Vilayet. Nestorio had 2,700 inhabitants in the beginning of the 20th century and most of them were slavophone (Slavic speaking) orthodox Christians and a few of them Vlachs. In the early 20th century the majority of the inhabitants of Nestorio accepted the rule of the Bulgarian Exarchate. According to the statistics of Vasil Kanchov (Macedonia. Ethnography and Statistics) the inhabitants of Nestorio in 1900 were Bulgarians. Nestorio, along with the rest of southern Macedonia, was incorporated into Greece in 1913 following the Balkan Wars.</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<p>The village holds an annual rock festival in late-July, called River Party. River Party started in 1978. The bands come from the Greek rock scene, especially from Athens and Thessaloniki and with foreign guests, including from the wider region.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>People born in Nestorio</h2><br>
<p>Keratza Vissulceva - prominent Macedonian artist (1911–2004)</p><br>
<p>Agios Georgios  is a village and a former municipality on the island of Corfu, Ionian Islands, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Corfu, of which it is a municipal unit. It is located in the northwestern part of Corfu and has a land area of 39.445 km² and a population of 3,431 . The seat of the municipality was the town of Agros . The largest towns are Kavvadades , Agros, Pagoi , Rachtades , Chorepiskopoi , and Afionas .</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Agios Georgios is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Agros (Agros, Aspiotades, Manatades, Rafalades)</p><br>
<p>Agios Athanasios</p><br>
<p>Arkadades</p><br>
<p>Armenades (Armenades, Agios Georgios, Termenades)</p><br>
<p>Afionas (Afionas, Afionitika)</p><br>
<p>Dafni (Dafni, Gavrades)</p><br>
<p>Drosato</p><br>
<p>Kavvadades (Kavvadades, Arillas, Saoulatika)</p><br>
<p>Kastelannoi Gyrou (Kastelannoi, Troumpettas)</p><br>
<p>Mesaria (Mesaria, Kopsocheilades)</p><br>
<p>Pagoi (Pagoi, Agios Georgios Pagon, Prinylas, Vatonies)</p><br>
<p>Rachtades</p><br>
<p>Chorepiskopoi</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>The Taita Hills, sometimes also spelled as Teita Hills, are a precambrian mountain range located in the Taita-Taveta County in south-eastern Kenya. The hills consist of three massifs: Dabida, Sagalla in the southern side of Voi township and Kasigau in the south near the border of Tanzania. The Dawida massif is the largest and tallest of the three, with an altitude of 2,228 m above sea level at its highest peak, Vuria. Dabida has three other main peaks: Iyale, Wesu, and Susu.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Taita Hills, with others in the Eastern Arc Mountains, were formed more than one hundred million years ago. About thirty million years ago, the area was covered by extensive rainforest. During a cooler and drier period some ten million years ago, the lowland forests were converted to savanna, leaving the mountain ranges as "islands" where the tropical forests continued to flourish. The isolation of each mountain range has led to a great deal of endemism, and a very diverse flora and fauna. Some of the other mountain ranges are well-forested, but the Taita Hills retain just 6 km&sup2; of forest. The Taita Hills rise steeply from the Tsavo West National Park.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>The hills are known for their moist forests with a unique fauna and flora. More than 20 endemic species of African violets (e.g., Saintpaulia teitensiss) occur exclusively in that region. Known endemic bird species are the Taita thrush (Turdus helleri) and the Taita apalis (Apalis fuscigularis). The Taita falcon (Falco fasciinucha) and the Taita fiscal (Lanius dorsalis) were first discovered at the hills but occur elsewhere, too. An amphibian in the genus Boulengerula occurs only in the Taita Hills. The Sagala caecilian (Boulengerula niedeni) is a critically endangered worm-like amphibian that lives in the Taita Hills.</p><br>
<p>The native Taita people are living at the edge of the forests and farming the soil, which is very productive. The region was severely logged in the past and the remaining indigenous forest is now part of a nature reserve, the Taita Hills Wildlife Sanctuary. On the plains and foothills surrounding the hills, the land is predominately used for cropping and grazing. The largest fragments of forest are located in the most inaccessible areas. The land is being degraded by deforestation, the lowering of the water table, and soil erosion. The annual rainfall varies from 500 mm in the lowlands to more than three times this amount in the mountain zone. This area experiences two rainy seasons: March to May or June, and October to December, but the precipitation is very variable.</p><br>
<p>The Boulware Springs Water Works is a historic site in Gainesville, Florida, United States. It is located at 3400 Southeast 15th Street. On June 20, 1985, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. It is also the western terminus of the Gainesville-Hawthorne State Trail.</p><br>
<p>The spring was the site of an 1854 meeting where area citizens voted to create a new town (Gainesville) to replace Newnansville as the Alachua County seat. The spring was the source of city water until 1913 and was important in the city&#39;s growth.</p><br>
<p>The University of Florida moved from Lake City to Gainesville in 1901 because the city promised the university free water for life, from the Boulware Springs. The University of Florida still does not pay for water, even though the springs are no longer used in Gainesville&#39;s water system.</p><br>
<p>Epworth Hall is a historic building in Gainesville, Florida, United States. It is notable as one of the oldest surviving buildings associated with the University of Florida, though it is no longer part of the university&#39;s campus. It was erected in 1884 and is located at 419 Northeast 1st Street in downtown Gainesville. Now part of the First United Methodist Church, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on July 25, 1973.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The present building was erected in 1884, and replaced an earlier building destroyed by fire the previous year. It was built to serve as the Academic Building of the East Florida Seminary, one of the predecessor institutions of the University of Florida. Originally opened in 1853, the seminary relocated to Gainesville in 1866.</p><br>
<p>Epworth Hall had its four classrooms on the first floor, and offices, a library, and a study hall on the second floor. It served the East Florida Seminary for the remainder of the 19th century. In 1905 the Florida Legislature merged the seminary and three other institutions into the modern University of Florida, with Gainesville chosen as the location for the new institution. Beginning in the 1906 academic year the university&#39;s classes were held at Epworth Hall, while the buildings were being constructed on the new campus away from downtown. In 1911 the University of Florida completed its transition to the new campus, and deeded Epworth Hall to the First United Methodist Church, which still owns the property. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, and renovated by the church the following year.</p><br>
<p>The Old Gainesville Depot  is a historic site at 203 Southeast Depot Avenue in Gainesville, Florida. It was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on November 22, 1996. Part of the Depot was built around 1860 to serve the Florida Railroad, which reached Gainesville from Fernandina in 1859. It is one of only three surviving railroad depots in the state built prior to the start of the American Civil War. The depot was situated with tracks on both sides. Between 1892 and 1897 the depot was remodeled to provide two passenger waiting rooms, one for whites and one for Blacks. A new passenger depot with segregated waiting rooms was built in 1910, and the old depot was moved and attached as a freight house to the passenger depot. Depot operations were moved to a new building where East University Avenue crossed the rail line in January, 1948. After the railroad opened the new depot, the old depot building was used by Baird Hardware, Gator Ice and Voyles Appliance store. The City of Gainesville acquired the depot building in 1999.</p><br>
<p>The depot has been restored, and painted in the same colors, and with the same style metal roof shingles, used in 1910. The freight scale in the depot has also been restored. The restored depot is part of the Depot Park being developed by the city. The station is located along the Gainesville-Hawthorne Trail State Park.</p><br>
<p>The Hotel Thomas, also known as Sunkist Villa but currently known as the Thomas Center, is an historic building in Gainesville, Florida, United States. It is located on the block bounded by Northeast 2nd and 5th Streets and Northeast 6th and 7th Avenues. It was built starting in 1910 in the Classical Revival style by noted Atlanta-based architect, William Augustus Edwards, designer of academic buildings at 12 institutions in Georgia, South Carolina and Florida, including the original University of Florida campus, as well as a dozen or more county courthouses in those states plus other building and houses,</p><br>
<p>The building began as the private home of William Reuben Thomas, his wife Kathryn, and their five children. In 1928 Thomas more than doubled the size of the home and converted it to a hotel. On July 16, 1973, the building was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Thomas Center celebrated its 100th anniversary on February 12, 2010.</p><br>
<h2>Thomas Center</h2><br>
<p>Today the Thomas Center serves as a local art and cultural center, and is the home for the Gainesville Cultural Affairs Division. The Thomas Center Galleries feature changing exhibits of art. The Center also features 1920s period rooms, local history exhibits, a performance space, banquet rooms, and meeting rooms.</p><br>
<p>Gainesville Masonic Lodge No. 41 in Gainesville, Florida is a historic Masonic building, located at 215 North Main Street. It was constructed by Gainesville Masonic Lodge No. 41 in 1908. On May 29, 1998, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Origins</h2><br>
<p>In 1857, twelve years after Florida became a state, a group of eighteen Gainesville Masons petitioned for and obtained a charter from the Grand Lodge of Florida, which at that time maintained headquarters in Tallahassee. Conditions of that time were very different and crude compared to modern standards. However, the circumstances and mode of living of that period created the urge for Masonry in Gainesville.</p><br>
<h2>The First Century 1857-1957</h2><br>
<h3>Early Years: 1857-1876</h3><br>
<p>Not much is known about the first two decades of Gainesville 41. The official charter of the lodge was approved and issued on January 15, 1857. The first meeting of which there are any records was not held until April 15, 1857. The main concern of the first few meetings were to provide proper books and furniture for the young lodge. However, the lodge began to grow quickly by receiving four petitions for membership by the second meeting.</p><br>
<p>Not much is known about the lodge’s activities during the Civil War and Reconstruction era, however the minutes of the Grand Lodge of Florida indicate that the lodge was represented in the Grand Communication and had paid its annual dues to the Grand Lodge of Florida.</p><br>
<h3>Growth: 1876-1908</h3><br>
<p>It was during this period that Gainesville Lodge No. 41 received petitions of membership from many quality Masons that became prominent members within the Fraternity. The most important being that of Marcus Endel, who after his entrance in 1875 went on to become Master of the lodge in 1878 and was twice re-elected to sit in that seat. In 1881 he went on to being elected the Senior Grand Warden of the Grand Lodge of Florida and served in that office for 3 years until he was elected as Deputy Grand Master for 1892, and finally in 1893, he became the first member of this lodge to become the Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Florida.</p><br>
<p>In 1896, a committee as appointed to make arrangements to erect a building on a vacant lot to be used as a picture gallery. The plans were that contributions were to be solicited from the members with repayment to be made from the rents collected, and after such payment had been made, the building was to become the property of the Lodge. This plan however ended when the lot was sold to the City of Gainesville on December 24, 1902. A new lot was purchased as a result from the Episcopal Church on the corner of North Main Street and NE 3rd Avenue. Acting on authority of the articles of incorporation, the Lodge authorized a sum of money for the purpose of erecting and furnishing a building. After much effort, enough funds were in hand to begin work on September 9, 1908. With R. T. Schaffer as Master of the Lodge (the man whom the second Masonic Lodge in Gainesville is named after), the cornerstone of this present building was laid.</p><br>
<p>By virtue of the principles of Masonry, this Lodge has also been greatly instrumental in laying the cornerstones of many buildings in this city, including but not limited to: East Florida Seminary (May 30, 1883), Gainesville Courthouse (January 14, 1885), Kavanaugh Memorial Church (December 6, 1886), First Baptist Church (April 1896), and University of Florida Auditorium (April 21, 1922).</p><br>
<h3>Age:1909-1957</h3><br>
<p>During the days of World War I much of the meetings were done short of time on authority of special dispensations given by the Grand Master. During the latter part of 1918, meetings were suspended for a period of two months by order of the health board on account of the epidemic of influenza.</p><br>
<p>On May 24, 1922, Florida Chapter of the Order of DeMolay was installed in this city and was sponsored by this Lodge.</p><br>
<p>In 1936, with Earl V. Simpson as Master of the Lodge, a ceremony was started which now holds great traditional sentiment in this lodge: The Past Masters’ Chain. During this ceremony, the Master of the Lodge hammers a link engraved with his initials and year as Master, into the chain of Past Masters. The chain currently holds 77 links and is hung behind the Master’s chair.</p><br>
<h2>Laying of the Cornerstone</h2><br>
<p>The cornerstone for the Lodge as officially laid on the afternoon of Wednesday, September 9, 1908. The Gainesville Elevator, reporting on the occasion, stated that “the afternoon was virtually a holiday for the entire city…for the laying of the cornerstone in the new Masonic Temple on West Main Street, in the presence of every secret order, military organization, city officials, war veterans and a concourse of citizens so numerous as to fill the adjoining streets. The Masonic Grand Lodge was largely present and one of the important features of the occasion was a most beautiful and, of course, appropriate address by the Rev. W. J. Carpenter, formerly pastor of the Methodist Church in this city. The long procession formed on West Liberty Street (University Ave.) and the adjoining streets beginning at 3:30 p.m. took up the line of march along Liberty, across North side of the square. Led by the Gainesville Military Band with the company of Guards in full dress and equipment following, the long procession of societies and officials was an imposing sight, one not to be soon forgotten by those who filled the streets by hundreds and occupied every available place of observation around the Temple. Reaching the place where the to be beautiful Masonic Temple will soon stand as an object of enterprise on the part of the local Lodge and an honor to the city, the Grand Lodge officers took charge of the proceedings and with the impressive ceremony for such occasions proceeded to place the cornerstone of the building in position.”</p><br>
<p>Items placed in the receptacle were reported as follows:</p><br>
<p>• One copy each of the 1908 Proceedings of the Grand Lodge, Grand Chapter, and the Grand Commandery of Florida</p><br>
<p>• Roster of Gainesville Lodge No. 41 F.& A. M. 108 Members</p><br>
<p>• Roster of Gainesville Chapter No. 2 R. A. M. 95 Members</p><br>
<p>• Roster of Pilgrim Comandery No. 7 K. T. 79 Members</p><br>
<p>• By-laws of Center Lodge No. 11 I.O.O.F.</p><br>
<p>• By-laws of Mt. Vernon Lodge No. 20 K. of P.</p><br>
<p>• By-laws of Lodge No. 990 B.P.O.E.</p><br>
<p>• One dollar script (Florida) by J.I. Blake</p><br>
<p>• Several old coins by R.T. Schaffer</p><br>
<p>• One hundred dollars (Confederate) by Robert McClellan</p><br>
<p>• Copy of the Gainesville Daily Sun</p><br>
<p>• Copy of the Gainesville Elevator</p><br>
<p>• Photo of William Howard Taft by J.M. Dell</p><br>
<p>• Photo of the Baptist Church by Miss Sallie McClellan</p><br>
<p>• Roster of Lew Walace Post No. 25 G.A.R.</p><br>
<p>The Gainesville Elevator states further that these items "in years to come, will, if ever the stone be opened, prove very readable mementoes to the future generations of people who will be citizens of Gainesville when she becomes a city of fifty or a hundred thousand."</p><br>
<h2>Making a Mason at Sight</h2><br>
<p>On July 11, 1944, a regular petition for Degrees of Freemasonry was received from Dr. John J. Tigert, the President of the University of Florida. The petition took its regular course and on August 8, 1944, the ballot as spread and he was declared elected. After the announcement was made, Grand Master Warren S. Taylor, a member and Past Master of Gainesville Lodge No. 41, arrested the progress of the petitioner for the purpose of making him a Mason at sight. This was in keeping with Masonic law and the Grand Master’s prerogatives after the candidate had stood the test of the ballot. It was intended that the ceremony be held at the 1945 Grand Lodge session, but because no Grand Communication could be held that year on account of war-time travel restrictions, it was postponed until a year later.</p><br>
<p>Because of the important position held by Dr. Tigert, Grand Master Taylor wished to confer the ceremony before a Grand Lodge assembly. However, after careful study, it was decided that such an event should be held in the Lodge in which the candidate had been regularly elected.</p><br>
<h2>Masonic Service Center</h2><br>
<p>During the troubled times of World War II, Gainesville Lodge No. 41 earned its own service stripe for meritorious duty. For 77 consecutive weeks this Lodge was used as a free dormitory and breakfast room for servicemen stationed in the surrounding area. To the best known facts, Gainesville Lodge as the only Masonic organization in the country offering a completely free service of this kind. With so many men stationed in nearby camps and coming into Gainesville for the weekends, local hotel facilities were taxed beyond their capacities. Sunday morning would find men sleeping on the courthouse lawn.</p><br>
<p>On the weekend of May 27, 1944, the dormitory opened with a registration of 45 men. This was only the beginning. As soon as the word spread, registration began mounting. A high of 276 men spending a Saturday night was reached. When the dormitory opened, Miss Mary Laura Johnson of Gainesville felt that Southern hospitality demanded something more than a bed for guests. She began by buying, preparing and serving breakfast to the men who had spent the previous night there. She was able to do this for a short time, but rapid increase in the number of guests soon made these Sunday breakfasts impossible both financially and physically for one person. Without any solicitation, contributions began to come in from local people who knew of the work she was doing. She was able to assemble a “kitchen crew” that served for the balance of the 77 weeks that the service center was in operation. The breakfast consisted of hot cakes, bacon or sausage and coffee.</p><br>
<p>Har HaMenuchot  is the largest cemetery in Jerusalem, Israel. The hilltop burial ground lies at the western edge of the city adjacent to the neighborhood of Givat Shaul, with commanding views of Mevaseret Zion to the north, Motza to the west, and Har Nof to the south. Opened in 1951 on 300 dunam of land,</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Until 1948, Jewish burials in Jerusalem were conducted in the centuries-old Jewish cemetery on the Mount of Olives. In 1948, the Arab siege of Jerusalem cut off access to the Mount of Olives, and this remained the status quo after the 1949 Armistice Agreements. In 1948 several temporary cemeteries opened to handle wartime deaths in Jerusalem, including the Sanhedria cemetery, Sheikh Badr Cemetery, and the Shaare Zedek Cemetery (on the grounds of the old Shaare Zedek Hospital on Jaffa Road). After the establishment of the state, however, these were deemed inadequate for the needs of a growing city.</p><br>
<p>In late summer 1948, developers identified a 300 dunam hilltop located between Givat Shaul and Motza and overlooking Highway 1. It was outside the boundaries of Jerusalem at that time, yet accessible to the city, and it had soft rock for grave-digging. They calculated that each dunam would accommodate 200 graves and estimated a need for 1,000 graves per year. At the time, the city of Jerusalem had 150,000 Jewish residents with a mortality rate of 1,000 annually; at that rate, the new cemetery was expected to suffice for the next 40 years.</p><br>
<p>The developers received permission to build the cemetery a month later, but disagreements between the various burial societies delayed the first burial until the fall of 1951. With the opening of the new cemetery, civilian graves were transferred here from the temporary cemeteries at Sheikh Badr and the old Shaare Zedek Hospital.</p><br>
<p>In 1951 a new cemetery was established at Mount Herzl, dedicated by government decision as Israel&#39;s national cemetery, where national leaders and fallen soldiers would be interred.</p><br>
<p>By 1988 Har HaMenuchot had about 50,000 graves. In the 1990s developers began expanding the cemetery onto the northern and western slopes of the hill. By 2008 the cemetery spanned 580 dunam in which more than 150,000 people are interred.</p><br>
<p>In November 2012 the Jerusalem municipality approved a plan to shield the view of the cemetery from Highway 1, the main entryway to Jerusalem, by planting cypress trees and erecting a stone wall. The plan would allow for continued expansion of the cemetery to the north and west.</p><br>
<h2>Operation</h2><br>
<p>The graves on Har HaMenuchot are divided into sections operated by various chevrei kadisha (burial societies). The Kehillat Yerushalayim burial society was allotted more than 50% of the land when the cemetery opened. In the late 1990s other chevrei kadisha opened, serving the Kurdish, Georgian, Yemenite, and Bukharan Jewish communities. The Kehillat Yerushalayim burial society also operates a special section reserved for those whose Jewish identity is questionable, such as non-Jewish immigrants and atheists. (Bona fide Christians and Muslims are not buried here, but in their own cemeteries.) Both the Kehillat Yerushalayim and the Sephardi burial societies maintain an on-site funeral parlor.</p><br>
<p>As the official municipal burial ground, Har HaMenuchot accommodates free burials for Israeli citizens and tourists who die while in Israel; the cost of the plot and funeral services is paid for by Bituah Leumi, the National Insurance Institute. According to the law, the burial society must reserve the plots on both sides of a newly-dug grave for 90 days in order to give the spouse and relatives of the deceased the option to purchase them.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Like other Jewish cemeteries in Jerusalem, the plots on Har HaMenuchot consist of an underground grave topped by a rectangular platform of poured concrete, faced with stone tiles, that rises 2 ft or more above-ground. The name, date and praises of the deceased are inscribed on the top panel and occasionally on the sides. The writing is either engraved and filled in with black lead, or simply painted on. In some cases, names of family members of the deceased who died in the Holocaust are engraved on the sides of the gravestone. Many graves include a small cavity hollowed out of the box, where memorial candles are placed.</p><br>
<p>The sections run by the Kehillat Yerushalayim and Perushim burial societies differ in appearance. The former is divided into color-coded sections that are easily reached by roadways, and has trees and bushes planted alongside the sections to provide shade for visitors on hot summer days. The Perushim section, on the other hand, abides by customs maintained in Jewish cemeteries for centuries, including the complete absence of trees or vegetation near the graves or even bordering the road.</p><br>
<p>Kohanim are interred in a separate section just outside the main entrance, so that their family members who are not allowed to enter cemeteries to avoid tumas meis (ritual impurity caused by the dead) may stand by the side of the road and pray at their ancestors&#39; graves.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery contains a genizah (sacred texts repository) where kvitlach (prayer notes) from the Western Wall are buried.</p><br>
<p>In addition to visitor parking, the cemetery is serviced by Egged bus number 54, which has its terminus opposite the Jerusalem Central Bus Station.</p><br>
<h2>Points of interest</h2><br>
<p>Near the main entrance lies the original Chelkat Harabbonim (חלקת הרבנים, "Rabbis&#39; Section") operated by the Ashkenazi (Perushim) burial society, which includes the graves of many gedolim of the past 60 years from around the world. The largest grave in this section is that of Rabbi Aharon Rokeach, the fourth Belzer Rebbe, which has become a shrine for thousands of visitors annually. An area of dalet amos (four cubits) surrounds this grave. An iron parapet constructed nearby allows Kohanim to pray near the rabbinical graves without exposing themselves to tumah (ritual impurity). Another Chelkas Harabbonim is located on the north slope of the hill; this is the resting place for Rabbis Shlomo Wolbe, Nosson Meir Wachtfogel, and Yosef Shalom Elyashiv, among others.</p><br>
<p>A grave known as a segula (propitious remedy) for childless women is that of Miriam ha-Koveset (מרים הכובסת, Miriam the Laundress), who only worked in the homes of Torah scholars, including Rabbi Yosef Shalom Elyashiv and the Zvhiller Rebbe, Rabbi Shlomo Goldman.</p><br>
<h2>Notable rabbis buried at Har HaMenuchot</h2><br>
<p>Yehezkel Abramsky, Av Beit Din of London</p><br>
<p>Yaakov Ades, Sephardic gadol and member of the Jerusalem beth din</p><br>
<p>Yehuda Amital, founder of Yeshivat Har Etzion, Meimad movement</p><br>
<p>Gedaliah Anemer, av bet din of Washington, D.C. and founder of the Yeshiva of Greater Washington-Tiferet Gedaliah</p><br>
<p>Baruch Ashlag, kabbalist</p><br>
<p>Yehuda Ashlag, the Baal HaSulam</p><br>
<p>Ezra Attiya, rosh yeshiva of Porat Yosef Yeshiva, Jerusalem</p><br>
<p>Chaim Yehuda Leib Auerbach, rosh yeshiva of Shaar Hashamayim Yeshiva</p><br>
<p>Shlomo Zalman Auerbach, Jerusalem posek</p><br>
<p>Baruch Ben Haim, assistant chief rabbi of the Syrian Jewish community in Brooklyn, New York</p><br>
<p>Zelig Reuven Bengis, rosh av beit din of Jerusalem</p><br>
<p>Amram Blau, one of the founders of Neturei Karta</p><br>
<p>Abraham Yochanan Blumenthal, founder of Zion Blumenthal Orphanage</p><br>
<p>Nachman Bulman, rabbi in the United States and Israel</p><br>
<p>Shlomo Carlebach, rabbi-songwriter</p><br>
<p>Akiva Ehrenfeld, Jerusalem rabbi</p><br>
<p>Shmuel Ehrenfeld, the Mattersdorfer Rav</p><br>
<p>Mordechai Eliyahu, former Sephardi chief rabbi of Israel</p><br>
<p>Yosef Shalom Elyashiv, Lithuanian Orthodox gadol and posek</p><br>
<p>Moshe Feinstein, American gadol and posek</p><br>
<p>Binyomin Beinush Finkel, rosh yeshiva of Yeshivas Mir, Jerusalem</p><br>
<p>Eliezer Yehuda Finkel, rosh yeshiva of Yeshivas Mir, Belarus and Jerusalem</p><br>
<p>Eliyahu Boruch Finkel, rosh yeshiva of Yeshivas Mir, Jerusalem</p><br>
<p>Nosson Tzvi Finkel, rosh yeshiva of Yeshivas Mir, Jerusalem</p><br>
<p>Tzvi Pesach Frank, Rav of Jerusalem</p><br>
<p>Yozef Friedlander, Lisker Rebbe</p><br>
<p>Yaakov Yosef Herman (1880 – 1967) Orthodox Jewish pioneer in the United States in the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Jacob S. Kassin (1900-1994) chief rabbi of the Syrian Jewish community in Brooklyn, New York</p><br>
<p>Meir Kahane, Kach party founder</p><br>
<p>Chaim Mordechai Katz, rosh yeshiva of Telz-Cleveland</p><br>
<p>Aharon Kotler, founder and rosh yeshiva of Beth Medrash Govoha, Lakewood, New Jersey</p><br>
<p>Shneur Kotler, rosh yeshiva of Beth Medrash Govoha</p><br>
<p>Chaim Kreiswirth, av beit din of Antwerp</p><br>
<p>Zundel Kroizer, Haredi Israeli rabbi and author of Ohr Hachamah</p><br>
<p>Aaron Aryeh Leifer, Nadvorna Rebbe</p><br>
<p>Avraham Abba Leifer, Pittsburger Rebbe</p><br>
<p>Zion Levy, chief rabbi of Panama</p><br>
<p>Aharon Lichtenstein, rosh yeshiva of Yeshivat Har Etzion in Alon Shvut</p><br>
<p>Gershon Liebman, rosh yeshiva of the Novardok Yeshiva network in France</p><br>
<p>Aryeh Leib Malin, rosh yeshiva of Beth Hatalmud Rabbinical College</p><br>
<p>Isser Zalman Meltzer, rosh yeshiva of Slutsk and Etz Chaim, Jerusalem</p><br>
<p>Yisroel Ber Odesser, Breslov rabbi</p><br>
<p>Chanoch Dov Padwa, av beit din of London</p><br>
<p>Menachem Porush, legislator, educator, journalist</p><br>
<p>Louis Isaac Rabinowitz, chief rabbi of South Africa and deputy mayor of Jerusalem</p><br>
<p>Bezalel Rakow, Gateshead Rav</p><br>
<p>Aharon Rokeach, Belzer Rebbe</p><br>
<p>Shulem Safrin, Komarno Rebbe</p><br>
<p>Naftali Shakovitzky, Gateshead Rav</p><br>
<p>Chaim Shmuelevitz, rosh yeshiva of Yeshivas Mir, Jerusalem</p><br>
<p>Akiva Sofer, av beit din of Pressburg</p><br>
<p>Yochanan Sofer, leader of the Erlau (Eger) dynasty.</p><br>
<p>Yitzchok Zev Soloveitchik, Brisker Rav</p><br>
<p>Baruch Sorotzkin, Rosh Yeshivas Telz-Cleveland</p><br>
<p>Zalman Sorotzkin, av beit din of Lutsk</p><br>
<p>Nosson Meir Wachtfogel, mashgiach ruchani, Beth Medrash Govoha</p><br>
<p>Eliezer Waldenberg, medical halakhist and member of the Jerusalem beit din</p><br>
<p>Simcha Wasserman, Jerusalem rabbi</p><br>
<p>Dov Berish Weidenfeld, av beit din of Tchebin (Trzebinia)</p><br>
<p>Noah Weinberg, founder and rosh yeshiva of Aish HaTorah</p><br>
<p>Shlomo Wolbe, mashgiach, Be&#39;er Yaakov yeshiva</p><br>
<p>Avraham Yoffen, rosh yeshiva of Beis Yosef Novardok</p><br>
<p>Reb Chaim Daskal, Reb Chaim of Yerushalayim</p><br>
<h2>Notable rabbis reinterred at Har HaMenuchot</h2><br>
<p>Chaim Joseph David Azulai, the Chida</p><br>
<p>Yosef Yozel Horwitz, the Alter of Novardok</p><br>
<p>Meir Shapiro, Rav of Lublin</p><br>
<p>Menachem Ziemba, Rav of Warsaw</p><br>
<h2>Zionist personalities buried at Har HaMenuchot</h2><br>
<p>Yitzhak Ben-Zvi</p><br>
<p>Naftali Herz Imber</p><br>
<h2>Other notable people buried at Har Hamenuchot</h2><br>
<p>Tuvia Bielski, leader of the Bielski partisans</p><br>
<p>Dora Bloch, killed by Idi Amin after Operation Entebbe</p><br>
<p>Udi, Ruth, Yoav, Elad, and Hadas Fogel, victims of the 2011 Itamar attack</p><br>
<p>Yaakov Yosef Herman, American Orthodox pioneer</p><br>
<p>Menachem Elon, the former Deputy Chief Israeli Supreme Court</p><br>
<p>Miriam Monsonego, victim of the 2012 Toulouse and Montauban shootings</p><br>
<p>Paul Reichmann, Canadian real estate tycoon</p><br>
<p>Yonatan, Arieh, and Gabriel Sandler, victims of the 2012 Toulouse and Montauban shootings</p><br>
<p>Yona Bogale, first leader of the Ethiopian Jewish community in Israel</p><br>
<p>The 7 Sassoon children killed in a Shabbat fire in Brooklyn NY</p><br>
<p>Jacques Lipchitz, Modernist sculptor</p><br>
<p>The Haile Homestead, also known as Haile Plantation House or Kanapaha, is a historic site and museum in Gainesville, Florida, United States. It is located at 8500 SR 24. On May 2, 1986, the plantation house was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1854 Thomas Evans Haile, his wife, Esther "Serena" Chesnut Haile, moved from Camden, South Carolina to Alachua County, Florida. There they established a 1,500-acre Sea Island cotton plantation called Kanapaha, meaning "small thatched houses". The Hailes survived bankruptcy in 1868 and turned the property into a productive farm, growing a variety of fruits and vegetables, including oranges.</p><br>
<p>Evans Haile became the owner of the land but lived in town, and after 1900 the home sat vacant for decades.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Officially known as Historic Haile Homestead at Kanapaha Plantation, the house was built for Thomas Evans and Serena Chesnut Haile in 1856 as part of their original 1,500 acre cotton plantation. The Hailes brought with them from South Carolina fifty-six slaves who lived in small one-room frame houses for the slaves. Billy Watts was a skilled carpenter who supervised most of the homestead construction. Henry Gaines, a stonemason from the Stringfellow plantation, was responsible for building the fireplaces, chimneys and support piers on the plantation. Johnson Chestnut was a gifted carpenter and furniture maker.</p><br>
<p>Four-foot-tall piers of mortared limerock support a foundation of 100-foot-long beams. The house is constructed of pine with cypress siding.</p><br>
<p>The house is noted for the writings on its walls by members of the family.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1980s, the Haile family partnered with the Alachua Conservation Trust to restore the house. Projects include replacing the structure’s current shake-shingle roof. The museum is open for tours on weekends.</p><br>
<p>The Mary Phifer McKenzie House, now the Sweetwater Branch Inn Bed and Breakfast, is an historic house located at 617 East University Avenue in Gainesville, Florida. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The house was constructed in about 1895 and is an irregularly massed two-and-a-half-story Queen Anne-style home.</p><br>
<p>It is known as one of the most elaborate Victorian buildings ever constructed in Gainesville. It has intricate Eastlake architecture details and a fanciful restored massing. It has three-story octagonal turrets on the west face, a wrap-around veranda, and octagonal gazebo.</p><br>
<p>The Sweetwater Inn includes two carefully restored Victorian-era mansions (the McKenzie House and the Cushman-Colson House, as well as charming guest cottages, a modern reception hall and beautifully sculptured gardens.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Perry Colson purchased the home in 1903 and sold it to William Turner Pound, the first husband of Mary Phifer. In the 1920s Mary Phifer married Reid Hill McKenzie. She lived in the McKenzie house until she was 83 years old.</p><br>
<p>This property is now the location of five beautifully appointed Sweetwater Inn guest rooms.</p><br>
<p>The Holbrook family, the current owners and innkeepers, purchased the property, that had been neglected, in 1978. Giovanna and Juan Holbrook began restoring it to its original beauty and charm. Giovanna Holbrook and her daughter Cornelia later purchased and restored the Cushman-Colson House in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Media coverage</h2><br>
<p>The inn was featured on the PBS television series, Inn Country USA.</p><br>
<p>The 1867 Matheson House is a historic building in Gainesville, Florida, United States. It is located at 528 Southeast 1st Avenue. It was the home of James Douglas Matheson and Augusta Florida Steele Matheson, the daughter of Florida pioneer Augustus Steele, who founded Hillsborough County and Cedar Key. James Douglas Matheson owned a dry goods store in downtown Gainesville and was active in local and state politics, as was his son, eight-term Gainesville mayor Chris Matheson, who was also a state legislator. Chris&#39;s widow, Sarah Matheson, deeded the house to the Alachua County Historical Society, which later merged with the Matheson History Museum after it opened in 1994. Sarah Matheson lived in the house until her death in 1996. She was the first female elder at First Presbytian Church in downtown Gainesville and was an early president of the Alachua County Historical Society and a co-founder and member of the original board of directors of the Matheson Histical Center . The 1867 Matheson House is now part of the Matheson History Museum Complex, which recounts the history of Alachua County. On June 4, 1973, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. The house is open by appointment only.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Matheson house was constructed in 1857 by the Matheson family from Camden, South Carolina. While it was unoccupied during the civil war, James Douglas Matheson moved into it 1867 with his wife, Augusta Florida Steele. Their son, Christopher Matheson, later inherited the house. Christopher&#39;s widow, Sarah Hamilton Matheson, would eventually deed the house to the Matheson Museum shortly before her death in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The House combines South Carolina plantation architecture on the first floor with Classic Revival raised cottage architecture on the later added second floor. The roof and interior stairway have gothic design elements, and the house possesses a gambrel roof uncommon to Florida.</p><br>
<p>The John F. Seagle Building  is a historic building located at 408 West University Avenue in Gainesville, Florida, in the United States. Built in 1926, it was designed by noted University of Florida architect and professor Rudolph Weaver and built by G. Lloyd Preacher & Co.</p><br>
<p>On August 16, 1982, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places as the Dixie Hotel, Hotel Kelley.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Seagle Building had its origins in the 1920s economic boom, especially the Florida land boom of the 1920s. Conceived originally as the "Hotel Kelly," the project went bust before the last floor was poured. It sat unfinished for over a decade and was considered an eyesore. In the mid-1930s a Jacksonville entrepreneur, Georgia Seagle finally finished the building, with assistance from the University of Florida, the city of Gainesville, and federal funding. Seagle gave the building to the University of Florida and asked that it be named after her deceased brother, John F. Seagle.</p><br>
<p>The building served mostly the University of Florida in the years following its completion. Having difficulty meeting modern fire codes as time passed, the building lost most of its upper-floor tenants. By the late 1960s, the Florida State Museum was the building&#39;s only occupant. When that museum moved to the UF campus nearby, the building was completely abandoned.</p><br>
<p>Eventually sold to a development company from Kentucky for $1 with the understanding that the building was to be completely renovated, a newly remodeled Seagle Building reopened in 1983 with modern wiring, plumbing, telephone and cable jacks, a fire sprinkler system, an emergency diesel generator, an added internal concrete stairway providing two fire escapes for every floor, and many other improvements. The first six floors have been designated commercial space, comprising roughly 40,000 ft&sup2;. The remaining five floors are residential units, with four units per floor with the exception of the top floor, which is a single unit.</p><br>
<p>Esperies  is a former municipality on the island of Corfu, Ionian Islands, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Corfu, of which it is a municipal unit. It is located in the northwest corner of the island of Corfu. It has a land area of 54.462 km² and a population of 6,990 . The seat of the municipality was the town of Velonades . Its largest towns are Karousades , Avliotes , Peroulades , and Velonades.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Esperies is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Agioi Douloi</p><br>
<p>Agrafoi (Agrafoi, Agia Paraskevi)</p><br>
<p>Antipernoi</p><br>
<p>Avliotes (Avliotes, Agia Pelagia, Agios Stefanos Avliotes, Garnades, Kouknikades, Staousa)</p><br>
<p>Kavallouri</p><br>
<p>Karousades (Karousades, Agios Ioannis, Astrakeri, Roda)</p><br>
<p>Magoulades (Magoulades, Arillas, Gousades, Poulimates, Tsoukalio)</p><br>
<p>Peroulades (Peroulades, Mega Ydri)</p><br>
<p>Sidari</p><br>
<p>Valaneio</p><br>
<p>Velonades (Velonades, Kounavades, Livadi, Psathylas)</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>Thinali  is a former municipality on the island of Corfu, Ionian Islands, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Corfu, of which it is a municipal unit. It is located in the northernmost part of the island of Corfu, in the middle of the north coast. It was the largest municipality on the island at 77.899 km². Its population was 5,226 at the 2011 census. The seat of the municipality was the town of Acharavi . Its largest other towns are Nymfes  and Epískepsi . It is located northwest of the city of Corfu. Last mayor of Thinali was Varelis Spiridon from village Lafki.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Thinali is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Nymfes (Nymfes, Platonas)</p><br>
<p>Agios Panteleimonas (Agios Panteleimonas, Acharavi, Vrachleri, Lazaratika, Priftiatika, Strongyli, Fourni)</p><br>
<p>Episkepsi (Episkepsi, Agios Stefanos)</p><br>
<p>Klimatia (Klimatia, Episkopi, Kyprianades)</p><br>
<p>Lafki (Lafki, Agios Martinos, Psachnia, Trimodi)</p><br>
<p>Loutses (Loutses, Anapaftiria, Apraos, Magarika)</p><br>
<p>Xanthates</p><br>
<p>Peritheia (Peritheia, Agios Ilias, Vathy, Vasilika, Vouni, Karniaris, Krinia, Pelekito, Perouli, Pithos, Riliatika)</p><br>
<p>Petaleia (Petaleia, Droseri, Eriva, Perama, Strinyla)</p><br>
<p>Sfakera (Sfakera, Roda)</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit has a varied geography: the area near the sea is flat, and the southern part is mountainous. In the Pantokrator mountains, in the southeast, there are several picturesque mountain villages including Petaleia, Ano Peritheia and Lafki. The touristic beach centre of Roda is on the north coast. At the western edge of the municipality is the Antinioti Lagoon.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>Until recently, the economy of Thinali was mainly agricultural. A large part of the total production of olives and kumquats of Corfu is grown in Thinali. Other products includes wine, walnuts and citrus. Especially on the coast tourism has gained importance in recent years.</p><br>
<p>Kassopaia  is a former municipality on the island of Corfu, Ionian Islands, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Corfu, of which it is a municipal unit. It is located in the northeasternmost tip of the island of Corfu. It has a land area of 33.749 km² and a population of 2,185 . The seat of the municipality was the town of Gimari . Its largest towns are Kassiopi , Nisáki , and Agnítsini .</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Kassopaia is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Gimari (Gimari, Vlachatika, Kavalleraina, Kalami, Kentroma, Plagia, Rachi)</p><br>
<p>Kassiopi (Kassiopi, Agios Georgios, Imerolia, Kellia, Lithiasmenos, Pigi, Plateia, Podolakkos, Psyllos dyo, Psyllos ena)</p><br>
<p>Nisaki (Nisaki, Apolysoi, Vinglatouri, Katavolos)</p><br>
<p>Sini (Agnitsini, Agios Stefanos Kassiopi, Vingla, Karyotiko, Kokkini, Kokkokylas, Kremithas, Mengoulas, Porta, Rou, Santa, Sarakinatika, Tritsi)</p><br>
<h2>Islets</h2><br>
<p>Peristeres</p><br>
<p>Plateia</p><br>
<p>Psyllos dyo</p><br>
<p>Psyllos ena</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>Korissia  is a former municipality on the island of Corfu, Ionian Islands, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Corfu, of which it is a municipal unit. It is in the southern part of the island. It has a land area of 27.675 km². Its population was 4,775 at the 2011 census. The seat of the municipality was the town of Argyrades . Its largest towns are Perivóli , Argyrádes, Petrití , and Ágios Geórgios .</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Korissia is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Argyrades (Argyrades, Agios Georgios, Marathias, Neochoraki)</p><br>
<p>Agios Nikolaos (Agios Nikolaos, Notos, Roumanades)</p><br>
<p>Kouspades (Kouspades, Boukari)</p><br>
<p>Perivoli (Perivoli, Potamia)</p><br>
<p>Petriti (Petriti, Korakades)</p><br>
<p>Vasilatika</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>Lefkimmi  is a town and a former municipality on the island of Corfu, Ionian Islands, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Corfu, of which it is a municipal unit. Its land area is 50.819 km² and its population was 5,800 at the 2011 census. Lefkimmi is the southernmost municipal unit on the island. Tourism is its main industry along with agriculture and other businesses. It features beaches, restaurants, shops, taverns and hotels. A canal passes through the eastern part of town. The municipal seat was the town of Lefkímmi . Its next largest towns are Kávos , Palaiochóri , Vitaládes , and Kritiká .</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Lefkimmi is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Ano Lefkimmi (Molos)</p><br>
<p>Lefkimmi (Lefkimmi, Kavos)</p><br>
<p>Neochori (Neochori, Dragotina, Kritika, Palaiochori, Spartera)</p><br>
<p>Vitalades (Vitalades, Gardenos)</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1804, when Corfu was part of the Septinsular Republic, 1,300 refugees from Souli arrived in Lefkimmi.</p><br>
<p>The Pellegrini Lake is an artificial lake located on the Argentine Patagonia, in the province of Río Negro, near the city of Cinco Saltos, at approximately 38&deg;40&prime;S latitude, 68&deg;00&prime;W longitude and 270 m above mean sea level.</p><br>
<p>This reservoir was originally a natural depressed area, possibly excavated by eolic forces, which was later filled with water brought by a derivation channel from the nearby Neuquén River, in order to regulate its flow (since the river had no natural lakes that would fulfill this function). It has mean and maximum depths of 9.4 and 18 m, respectively. It covers an area of 112 km² and has a volume of 1.053×10 m³.</p><br>
<p>The lake is employed for commercial fishing of trucha criolla (Percichthys trucha, a species of temperate perch) and pejerrey (Odontesthes microlepidotus, a neotropical silverside), as well as sport fishing, recreation and tourism.</p><br>
<p>Palaiokastritsa  is a village in northwestern Corfu. Corfu has been suggested to be the mythical island of the Phaeacians, and the bay of Palaiokastritsa to be the place where Odysseus disembarked and met Nausicaa for the first time, see Geography of the Odyssey. The monastery in Palaiokastritsa dates from 1225. There is a museum inside.</p><br>
<h2>Administrative history</h2><br>
<p>Palaiokastrites was a former municipality on the island of Corfu, Ionian Islands, Greece. Its including area was defined around the original village of Palaiokastritsa. Since the 2011 local government reform Palaiokastrites is part of the municipality of Corfu as a smaller municipal unit. It has a land area of 48.379 km² and a population of 4,068 (2011 census) and is located on the west coast of Corfu just south of Angelokastro. The seat of the formerly independent Palaiokastriton municipality was the town of Lakones (pop. 384). The largest villages are Liapades (pop. 879), Doukades (627), Skriperó (500), and Lákones.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Palaiokastriton is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Lakones (Lakones, Palaiokastritsa)</p><br>
<p>Aleimmatades (Aleimmatades, Agia Anna)</p><br>
<p>Gardelades</p><br>
<p>Doukades (Doukades, Papathanatika)</p><br>
<p>Krini</p><br>
<p>Liapades (Liapades, Gefyra)</p><br>
<p>Makrades (Makrades, Vistonas)</p><br>
<p>Skripero (Skripero, Felekas)</p><br>
<p>Parelioi  is a former municipality on the island of Corfu, Ionian Islands, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Corfu, of which it is a municipal unit. It is located on the central west coast of the island of Corfu. It has a land area of 48.990 km² and a population of 6,403 . The seat of the municipality was the town of Kokkini . Its largest towns are Sinarádes , Áfra , Giannádes , Kokkíni, Kompítsi , and Pélekas .</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Parelioi is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Kokkini</p><br>
<p>Agios Ioannis (Agios Ioannis, Agia Triada, Kouramaditika, Vasilika)</p><br>
<p>Afra (Afra, Agios Vlasios, Kourkoulaiika)</p><br>
<p>Vatos</p><br>
<p>Giannades (Giannades, Ermones)</p><br>
<p>Kanakades</p><br>
<p>Kompitsi</p><br>
<p>Marmaro</p><br>
<p>Pelekas (Pelekas, Avramis, Agios Onoufrios, Glyfada, Kokkinogeia, Plakoto)</p><br>
<p>Sinarades (Sinarades, Aspai, Kontogialos)</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>The economy of Parelioi is mainly based on tourism. There are beaches in Agios Gordis, Glyfada, Kondogialos and Ermones. The Historic and Folklore Museum of Central Corfu is located in Sinarades. Aqualand, the third largest water park in Europe, is situated in Agios Ioannis.</p><br>
<p>Falasarna or Phalasarna  is an ancient Greek harbor town on the northwest coast of Crete. The currently visible remains of the city were built around 333 BC, and include several imposing sandstone towers and bastions, with hundreds of meters of fortification walls protecting the town, and a closed harbor, meaning it is protected on all sides by city walls. The harbor is ringed by stone quays with mooring stones, and connected to the sea through two artificial channels. Notable finds in the harbor area include public roads, wells, warehouses, an altar, and baths. Most of these structures were revealed by excavations that began in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The acropolis is built on a cape that rises 90 meters above the harbor and juts into the sea. The acropolis has many remains, including a temple dedicated to goddess Dictynna, fortification towers, cisterns, wells, and watchtowers that could have been used to guard sea routes.</p><br>
<p>Today Phalasarna is an agricultural area and tourist attraction.</p><br>
<p>The valley is filled with olive groves and greenhouses cultivating mainly tomatoes; there are also scattered family-run hotels and restaurants. The seaside has long sandy beaches and crystal clear waters that are popular both with residents of the province of Chania and visitors from Greece and abroad. Falasarna beach was voted, in the CNN poll, among the best 100 beaches of the world.</p><br>
<h2>Ancient history</h2><br>
<p>Phalasarna was mentioned by the ancient historians and geographers Scylax, Strabo, Polybius, Livy, Pliny, Dionysius Kalliphontis, and the anonymous geographer known as Stadiasmus. The ancient geographers took note of the artificial closed port carved out of a lagoon and ringed with fortification walls and towers. Phalasarna was a maritime power; the harbor was the reason for the city&#39;s existence, the source of its wealth, and led to its recognition. A city-state with its own laws and minting its own coins, Phalasarna provided military advisers and thousands of mercenaries for a war under the Macedonian king Perseus against the Romans (Livy).</p><br>
<p>Phalasarna was involved in two major wars with neighboring city-states during the Hellenistic period. The first was with Polyrrhenia, probably triggered by land disputes. It started in the late fourth century and ended around 290 BC, following mediation by Cleonymus of Sparta. The peace treaty was inscribed on a stone tablet which is today in the museum of Kissamos. A second war was fought with Cydonia around 184 BC and the disputes were finally resolved through Roman intervention (Polybius).</p><br>
<p>The city-state prospered with its maritime affairs, evidenced by the remains of monumental buildings and artwork. The treaty with Polyrrhenia gives evidence that in the third century BC the inhabitants of Phalasarna were engaged in piracy, a common practice of the Cretan city-states. In 69-67 BC the Romans sent forces to eliminate piracy from the eastern Mediterranean, stormed Phalasarna, blocked its harbor with massive masonry, and destroyed the whole city, probably killing its citizens. No ancient sources testify directly to these events, but evidence of burning and the harbor blockage itself suggest the tentative conclusions of the excavators.Hadjidaki, E. "The Roman Destruction of Phalasarna," Archaeology of the Roman Empire, edited by N. J. Higham, BAR International Series 940 (2001) 155-166.</p><br>
<p>The location of the city was then forgotten, and Phalasarna appears in Venetian records only as a lost city. The site was rediscovered in the 19th century by British explorers Robert Pashley and Captain T. A. B. Spratt. Spratt, of the Royal Navy, noted in 1859 that the former harbor of the deserted site was now 100 yards from the sea, and that the ancient sea coast must have risen at least twenty four feet. Modern excavation has confirmed this judgment, and also has shown that the harbor rapidly silted up after the Roman attack. Radiocarbon dating of fossil algae along the ancient sea level mark on the cliffs around Phalasarna estimates the sudden sea level change at some time more than sixteen centuries ago. A probable event was the great earthquake and tsunami of 21 July A.D. 365, which wreaked catastrophic damage on all the coasts of the eastern Mediterranean and was recorded by Ammianus Marcellinus and others. An ancient fish basin with two flights of steps carved into the coastal rocks near the harbor entrance has been cracked in half, probably during the same earthquake.</p><br>
<h2>Excavations</h2><br>
<p>Rescue excavations at Phalasarna began in 1966 directed by the Ephor of the Department of Classical Antiquities in Chania, Dr. Yannis Tzedakis,</p><br>
<p>Tzedakis, Y.,"Antiquities and Monuments of West Crete," Archaeologikon Deltion 24 (1969) pp. 433-434 and continued under Vanna Niniou-Kindeli. Over 70 graves were uncovered, some of them pithos burials, and others cist graves. The early excavations were important, proving the site to have been inhabited in the 6th century BC. Since then, only a small part more of the cemetery has been excavated, and many beautiful artifacts have been recovered, among them a 4th-century pelike showing Eros chasing a Maenad. In the area of the necropolis there stands a two-meter high throne carved from stone, probably dedicated to the Phoenician goddess Astarte.</p><br>
<p>Research excavations began in 1986 under Elpida Hadjidaki of the Greek Archaeological Service, and Frank Frost, of the University of California, Santa Barbara. Major items excavated to date include two towers, a fortified gate, long sections of harbor quays with bollards in situ, a secondary basin, an industrial area, a public road, warehouses, an altar, and a water tank.</p><br>
<p>The Thompson Plateau, also known as the Okanagan-Thompson Plateau, forms the southern portion of the Interior Plateau of British Columbia, Canada, lying to the west of Okanagan Lake, south of the Thompson River and to the east of  the Fraser River. At its most southern point the plateau is squeezed by the mountainous terrain of the Cascade Range abutting closer to the Okanagan Valley. Its southwestern edge abuts the Canadian Cascades portion of that extensive range, more or less following the line of the Similkameen River, its tributary the Tulameen River, and a series of passes from the area of Tulameen, British Columbia to the confluence of the Thompson River with the Nicoamen River, a few miles east of Lytton, British Columbia, which is in the Fraser Canyon. Its northeastern edge runs approximately from the city of Vernon, British Columbia through the valley of Monte Creek to the junction of the same name just east of the city of Kamloops. Northeast of that line is the Shuswap Highland.</p><br>
<p>Some definitions include the Bonaparte Plateau to the north, which lies in the angle of the Thompson and Bonaparte Rivers, and south of the uppermost reaches of that river and a small tributary of the North Thompson, Lemieux Creek.</p><br>
<p>The dominant landscape of the Thompson Plateau is a high, almost plains-like rangeland fairly heavily forested with subalpine forest and tamarack swamp where there exists a significant cattle ranching industry, but plunging steeply to the valleys of the Thompson and Okanagan on its outer perimeter which feature more semi-arid landscapes that include rattlesnakes, a ground-creeping variety of prickly pear cactus, sagebrush, and tumbleweed, in addition to fruit growing operations that often rely on irrigation. In its core is the broad and open rangeland of the Nicola Valley, at the focus of which is the town of Merritt, British Columbia. Towards its southern edges, the plateau is fairly mountainous and includes the ski area at Apex (west of Penticton), as well as the small but rugged Kruger Range which runs south from there to the confluence of the Similkameen and Okanagan Rivers.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Thompson Plateau contains Nicola Athapaskan, Nlaka&#39;pamux and Syilx settlements.</p><br>
<p>The Nlakapamux peoples of the plateau were known as Cawaxamux or Tcawa&#39;xamux</p><br>
<p>Nlaka&#39;pamux settlements include:</p><br>
<p>Kaptciʼtcîn</p><br>
<p>Caʼxanîx</p><br>
<p>xˑûʼtxˑûtkawêꞀ</p><br>
<p>xanᴇxᴇwêꞀ</p><br>
<p>Qaiskanaʼ or Koiskanaʼ</p><br>
<p>Nˈaʼiᴇk or Nˈēʼiᴇk</p><br>
<p>Tsuluʼs or Suluʼs</p><br>
<p>Ptîʼtᴇk or Pᴇtuʼtᴇk</p><br>
<p>Nsiʼsqᴇt</p><br>
<p>Ntsʟaʼtko</p><br>
<p>Zuxt</p><br>
<p>Quîltcaʼna</p><br>
<p>Ntcêʼkus or Stcêʼkus</p><br>
<p>Syilx settlements include:</p><br>
<p>QêʼꞀamix or ʟkaꞀamix</p><br>
<p>Spaʼxᴇmîn</p><br>
<p>Komkonaʼtko</p><br>
<p>Zuʼtsᴇmîn or Zuʼtsamîn</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The rocks underlying the Thompson Plateau originated in the Pacific and were appended to the North American Plate in the Mesozoic.</p><br>
<p>These rocks were pervasively intruded by magmas now forming granitic rocks. These upland surfaces are now bordered by prominent valleys over 1000 metres deep.</p><br>
<p>This peneplain was overlain by thin sheets of plateau basalts formed from the Chilcotin Group lavas that flowed ten to fifteen million years ago.</p><br>
<p>The area was occupied by Pleistocene glaciation, and a thick mantle of glacial drift covers bedrock over a large part of it.</p><br>
<p>The Pleistocene ended with a gradual stagnation and a wasting of the ice in place.</p><br>
<p>As a consequence, on many slopes a series of channels was formed at successive levels as ice surfaces wasted.</p><br>
<p>The Yeongnam Alps are a group of relatively tall mountains in the Yeongnam region of southeastern South Korea. They are much shorter than the European Alps, only slightly over 1000 m. The term is sometimes restricted to those peaks exceeding 1000 m in height, but may be informally extended to lower peaks in the same region.</p><br>
<p>The Yeongnam Alps cover a small region at the meeting of Gyeongsangnam-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do, and Ulsan. The Gyeongnam side is in Sannae-myeon, Miryang; the Gyeongbuk side is in Unmun-myeon, Cheongdo; and the Ulsan side lies in Sangbuk-myeon, Ulju-gun.</p><br>
<p>The area is a popular attraction for South Korean domestic tourism. This is due both to the mountain scenery and to the numerous landmarks in the region. These include the temples such as Tongdosa and Pyochungsa, the "ice valley" Eoreumgol, various waterfalls and hot springs.</p><br>
<h2>List of peaks</h2><br>
<p>Gajisan, 1241 m</p><br>
<p>Cheonhwangsan (also called Jaeyaksan), 1189 m</p><br>
<p>Unmunsan, 1188 m</p><br>
<p>Sinbulsan, 1159 m</p><br>
<p>Jaeyaksan, 1119 m</p><br>
<p>Yeongchuksan (also called Yeongchwisan, Chwiseosan and Chukseosan), 1081 m</p><br>
<p>Ganwolsan, 1069 m</p><br>
<p>Goheonsan, 1033 m</p><br>
<p>Munboksan, 1015 m</p><br>
<p>The Theodore Baird Residence, also known as Baird House, is a suburban house designed by American architect Frank Lloyd Wright, and located at 38 Shays Street in Amherst, Massachusetts, United States. It is the only Wright design in Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>The Usonian house was planned and built in 1940 for Amherst College English professor Theodore Baird. The Bairds became interested in Wrights work after reading his autobiography, and submitted a commission to him. Wright produced drawings based on the Bairds description of their lifestyle and a description of the lot. They were unable to locate contractors in the area who were able to do the work, so the construction work was done by Wright protégé William Wesley Peters. Part of the construction work was done at a factory in New Jersey, and moved to Amherst for final assembly. The house was the only Usonian for which the materials were prefabricated before being brought to the site.</p><br>
<p>It is a single-family house with brick, cypress wood and glass façades and a flat roof highly cantilevered over a carport. Heating is conveyed by pipes distributing hot water through the concrete floor. There are also three fireplaces, one in the master bedroom and another with a single chimney and two grates which is divided by a partition wall separating the living room and study. The building includes an in-law apartment for Bairds mother, which is located at the opposite end of the house from the Bairds quarters. Wrights design also included a dedicated space for the Bairds dog, including a dog run and doghouse.</p><br>
<p>The house is set back about 250 ft from the road. The property, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985, also includes a 4 acre woodlot that extends behind the house and neighboring properties on Shays Road.</p><br>
<p>Monte Verità  is a hill  in Ascona , which has served as the site of many different Utopian and cultural events and communities since the beginning of the twentieth century, having started out as a popular destination for Wandervogel hikers during the Lebensreform period.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1900, Henry Oedenkoven, the 25-year-old son of a businessman from Antwerp, and his companion Ida Hofmann purchased a hill in Ascona which had been known as "Monescia" and established the "Co-operative vegetarian colony Monte Verità". The colony was established first on principles of primitive socialism, but later championed an individualistic vegetarianism and hosted the Monte Verità Sanatorium, a sun-bathing establishment.</p><br>
<p>The colonists "abhorred private property, practised a rigid code of morality, strict vegetarianism and nudism. They rejected convention in marriage and dress, party politics and dogmas: they were tolerantly intolerant."</p><br>
<p>Anarchist physician Raphael Friedeberg moved to Ascona in 1904, attracting many other anarchists to the area. Artists and other famous people attracted to this hill included Hermann Hesse, Carl Jung, Erich Maria Remarque, Hugo Ball, Else Lasker-Schüler, Stefan George, Isadora Duncan, Carl Eugen Keel, Paul Klee, Carlo Mense, Arnold Ehret, Rudolf Steiner, Mary Wigman, Max Picard, Ernst Toller, Henry van de Velde, Fanny zu Reventlow, Rudolf von Laban, Frieda and Else von Richthofen, Otto Gross, Erich Mühsam, Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach, Walter Segal, Max Weber, Gustav Stresemann, and Gustav Nagel.</p><br>
<p>From 1913 to 1918, Rudolf Laban operated a "School for Art" on Monte Verità, and in 1917 Theodor Reuss, Master of the Ordo Templi Orientis organized a conference there covering many themes, including societies without nationalism, women&#39;s rights, mystic freemasonry, and dance as art, ritual and religion.</p><br>
<p>From 1923 to 1926, Monte Verità was operated as a hotel by artists Werner Ackermann, Max Bethke and Hugo Wilkens, until it was acquired in 1926 by Baron Eduard von der Heydt. The following year, a new Modernist-style hotel was built by Emil Fahrenkamp. Eduard von der Heydt died in 1964, and the site became the property of the Canton of Ticino.</p><br>
<h2>Present</h2><br>
<p>Monte Verità is currently home to the ETH Zurich conference facility, Centro Stefano Franscini, as well as a museum comprising three buildings: the Casa Anatta, a flat-roofed wooden building which served as headquarters to the vegetarian colony and now houses an exhibition of the history of the site; the Casa Selma, a small building which was used to house sun-bathers at the Sanatorium; and a building housing the panoramic painting "The Clear World of the Blessed", by Elisar von Kupffer. The hill is also the site of a tea garden and Japanese teahouse.</p><br>
<h2>In fiction</h2><br>
<p>A fictionalized version of the colony at Monte Verità is the subject of a short story named "Monte Verità" by the Cornish author Daphne du Maurier which appeared in The Apple Tree published in 1952, and then republished under the name The Birds and Other Stories. A.S. Byatts 2009 novel The Childrens Book mentions the colony, as does Robert Dessaix&#39;s 1996 novel Night Letters.</p><br>
<p>Monte Verita is the location for some of the climactic action in the graphic novel trilogy Suffrajitsu: Mrs. Pankhurst&#39;s Amazons (2015).</p><br>
<p>Guadalupe Hill is a 3,317 m high hill located in the Eastern Hills, uphill from the centre of Bogotá, Colombia. Together with its neighbouring hill Monserrate it is one of the landmarks of Bogotá. At the top of the hill a hermitage and a 15 m high statue has been erected. The statue was elaborated by sculptor Gustavo Arcila Uribe in 1946 and is accompanied by a chapel dedicated to Our Lady of Guadalupe.</p><br>
<p>Guadalupe Hill is the type locality of the Guadalupe Group, a Late Cretaceous sedimentary sequence of sandstones and shales of 750 m thick. The formation is thrusted on top of younger strata by the reverse Bogotá Fault during the Andean orogeny. The hill is the source for the Manzanares and El Chuscal creeks that flow westwards onto the Bogotá savanna.</p><br>
<p>Historically, Guadalupe Hill was an important sacred site for the indigenous Muisca, who inhabited the Bogotá savanna and surrounding regions before the Spanish conquest. During the colonial period, Guadalupe Hill contained a cross and the hermitage that was destroyed by various earthquakes in the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries. On Sundays, Guadalupe Hill and its chapel and statue are visited by tourists and pilgrims from Bogotá, accessing the hill either by road and public transport or via a walking trail to the hilltop.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Guadalupe Hill is named after Our Lady of Guadalupe of Badajoz, not -as is commonly believed- after the famous Our Lady of Guadalupe in Mexico.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Guadalupe Hill is the type locality for the Campanian-Maastrichtian Guadalupe Group, a sequence of three formations of sandstones and shales; Arenisca Dura, Plaeners, Arenisca de Labor and Arenisca Tierna. The thickness of the Guadalupe Group, defined as formation by some authors, at Guadalupe Hill is 750 m. Approximately 53% of the Eastern Hills consists of the Guadalupe Group.</p><br>
<p>The Guadalupe Group is thrusted on top of the younger Guaduas, Bogotá and Cacho Formations by the Bogotá Fault. The NNW-SSE trending eastward dipping thrust fault forms a barrier for aquifers. The creeks (quebradas) Manzanares and El Chuscal originate from Guadalupe Hill.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Guadalupe Hill in the times before the Spanish conquest was one of the sacred hilltops in the religion of the Muisca, the indigenous inhabitants of the Bogotá savanna. They considered the hills sacred and buried their dead in the mountains. The people, organised in a loose confederation of leaders, the Muisca Confederation, had an advanced knowledge of archaeoastronomy and constructed various temples honouring Sué, the god of the Sun, throughout their territories. Guadalupe Hill in pre-Columbian times was called in their language Muysccubun quijicha guexica, "grandfather&#39;s foot". Seen from Bolívar Square, at the winter solstice of December, Sué rises exactly over Guadalupe Hill and at the equinoxes of March and September in the valley between Monserrate and Guadalupe.</p><br>
<p>At the time of the conquest, the Eastern Hills were a forested natural boundary of the Bogotá savanna. During the early colonial period, the Spanish constructed a cross on Guadalupe Hill as a symbol to protect the capital of the New Kingdom of Granada. The first replanting of trees took place in 1855, and a second phase of reforestation happened in 1940. In 1801, Francisco José de Caldas recalculated the height of Guadalupe Hill.</p><br>
<h3>Hermitage and statue</h3><br>
<p>The first hermitage on Guadalupe Hill was built in 1656 and blessed during a pilgrimage on September 8 of that year. The hermitage was destroyed by the earthquakes of 1743, 1785 and 1827. During the presidency of Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera, the hermitage was reconstructed, but affected again by the 1917 Bogotá earthquake. The hermitage was rebuilt in 1945 by Jorge Murcia Riaño and blessed by archbishop Ismael Perdomo. In 1946, the 15 m high statue of the Virgin of Guadalupe, sculpted by Gustavo Arcila Uribe, was constructed on top of Guadalupe Hill. In 1967, the chapel and road leading up to it were constructed.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>The Guadalupe Hill and the statue of the Virgin of Guadalupe are among the main touristic attractions of Bogotá. The top of the hill offers a viewpoint (mirador) for the Colombian capital. The hill can be accessed via a walking trail, used by pilgrims since colonial times, or by the road to Choachí via the Avenida Circunvalar.</p><br>
<p>Public transport to Guadalupe Hill leaves on Sundays from Carrera 10 with Calle 6.</p><br>
<p>Every Sunday, the chapel on the hill receives tourists between 7:00 in the morning and 4:00 in the afternoon. On the first Sundays of the month, a mass is held from 8:00 to 10:00 AM and at noon.</p><br>
<p>The President Gerald R. Ford Jr. Boyhood Home is a house in Grand Rapids, Michigan that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is located at 649 Union SE in Grand Rapids.</p><br>
<p>Gerald R. Ford, the thirty-eighth president of the United States lived here from the age of 8 to 17 (1921 – 1930). Of all his boyhood homes, Ford remembered this one most vividly in his autobiography. Ford recalled that he and his friends used the garage behind the house as a social club. "We learned to play penny-ante poker... it was a great hideaway because my parents wouldn&#39;t climb the ladder to the second floor-- or so I thought." Ford served Grand Rapids in the USA House of Representatives, 1949 – 1973.</p><br>
<p>In 2013 the house underwent an exterior paint restoration, using seven colors and taking more than 500 man-hours. The work was completed by Third Coast Color Painting Co. of Grand Rapids.</p><br>
<p>Eleios-Pronnoi  is a former municipality on the island of Kefalonia, Ionian Islands, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Kefalonia, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 111.687 km. Population 3,677 . The seat of the municipality was in Pastra . The municipal unit contains several mountain ranges, including the eastern part of Mount Ainos. Its largest towns are Póros , Skála , and Agía Eiríni .</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Eleios-Pronnoi is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Agia Eirini</p><br>
<p>Agios Nikolaos</p><br>
<p>Arginia</p><br>
<p>Chionata (Chionata, Kolaitis, Thiramonas)</p><br>
<p>Markopoulo (Markopoulo, Kateleios, Kato Kateleios)</p><br>
<p>Mavrata</p><br>
<p>Pastra (Pastra, Kremmydi)</p><br>
<p>Poros (Poros, Asprogerakas, Kampitsata, Riza, Tzanata)</p><br>
<p>Skala (Skala, Aleimmatas, Fanies, Ratzakli)</p><br>
<p>Valerianos (Valerianos, Atsoupades, Plateies)</p><br>
<p>Xenopoulo (Xenopoulo, Andriolata, Kapandriti)</p><br>
<p>Lake Perris is an artificial lake completed in 1973. It is the southern terminus of the California State Water Project, situated in a mountain-rimmed valley between Moreno Valley and Perris, in what is now the Lake Perris State Recreation Area. The park offers a variety of recreational activities. Because of this and the lake&#39;s proximity to major population centers, it is very crowded during the summer months.</p><br>
<h2>Yai Heki Regional Indian Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Yai Heki Regional Indian Museum tells the story of the monumental State Water Project and focuses on the culture and history of the native peoples of the southern California desert region.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Lake Perris is 1,560 ft above sea level and is ringed by hills and small mountains. It impounds 131,400 acre.ft of water behind a 2-mile (3 km) long, 128 foot (39 m) tall, chevron-shaped earthfill dam. The untended areas of Lake Perris may seem rocky and barren at first glance, but harbor a variety of natural wonders.</p><br>
<p>An artificial reef exists on the lake floor made of old tires. The reef was created to provide a habitat for fish.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The predominant plant community, coastal sage scrub, is host to a variety of birds and wildlife. Mule deer, roadrunners, bobcats, coyotes, rabbits, quail, gopher snakes and rattlesnakes may sometimes be seen by day, though they tend to shy away from people. More frequently seen are a wide variety of lizards, rodents, water fowl, and birds of prey. Beautiful displays of wildflowers occur during the rainy season, generally November through April.</p><br>
<p>The coastal sage scrub community is predominant on the south-facing slopes of the Russell mountains and Bernasconi hills and is characterized by shrubby plants including desert encelia, brittlebush, sagebrush, black sage, white sage, buckwheat, and cacti. Conditions are somewhat shadier on hillsides that face north or northwest so that chaparral plants such as chamise, penstemon, and poison oak are found.</p><br>
<p>Remnants of the original perennial grasses that once flourished in this region can still be found in the flat interior of the park surrounding the lake, but the majority of plants that now make up the valley grassland community (including Russian thistle) were imported from Europe by early settlers. Riparian areas near springs and seeps, and on east and south lakes include willows, cattails, elderberry and nettles.</p><br>
<p>More than a hundred species of birds have been spotted at Lake Perris. Many are migratory, and stop at the park briefly during their travels, while others make their permanent residence here. Meadowlarks, loggerhead shrikes, roadrunners, California thrashers, quail, wrens, sparrows, hummingbirds, golden eagles, several varieties of hawks, ospreys, and even bald eagles may be seen. Many varieties of waterfowl use the lake including pintails, widgeons, teals, mallards, shovelers, various geese, and sometimes tundra swans and pelicans. black-necked stilts, avocets, killdeer, willets, kingfishers, egrets, and herons are attracted to the water’s edge.</p><br>
<p>The lake has become a hotspot for freshwater game fishing. Largemouth bass, spotted bass, bluegill, rainbow trout, channel catfish, black crappie, red ear sunfish and carp are all present in the lake. As the climate is a warm one, the California Department of Fish and Game make regular plants of rainbow trout throughout the winter months. The lake records for each of the species are noted here:</p><br>
<p>Alabama spotted bass – 9 pounds, 6 ounces</p><br>
<p>Florida largemouth bass – 17 pounds, 6 ounces</p><br>
<p>Bluegill – 3 pounds, 15 ounces</p><br>
<p>Rainbow trout – 7 pounds</p><br>
<p>Channel catfish – 30 pounds</p><br>
<p>Largemouth bass, bluegill, rainbow trout, channel catfish, black crappie, redear sunfish tend to be the primary focus of anglers. The trout usually only bite in the cooler months after the DFG plants.</p><br>
<p>Day and night, hawks and owls are frequently seen hunting for prey. The bike trail offers an easy and convenient way to see some of the birds and other wildlife of Lake Perris. Early morning or dusk are the best times. Ranger-led hikes are conducted during the spring and early summer months.</p><br>
<p>Most plants and animals at Lake Perris are well adapted to the hot, dry environment. Chamise leaves are tiny and waxy to minimize water loss due to evaporation. Some grasses and wildflowers rush from bloom to seed in just a few short weeks and are able to complete their life cycle within the brief wet season. Kangaroo rats are so well adapted to dry environments that they seldom drink water, and manage to extract the moisture they need directly from their food.</p><br>
<p>The plants and animals of Perris valley have changed considerably over the last two hundred years due to human activity, but its natural history can be intriguing.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>There are many recreational activities allowed on, in, and around Lake Perris and in the State Recreation Park. Guided hikes are offered on the trail around the lake, and several camping sites are located near the lake side. The lake is open for boating from 6:00 am to 6:30 pm from Thursday to Monday. Other activities include fishing, picnicking, horse-back riding, swimming (in designated areas), and rock climbing. The park also hosts the annual Big Rock Triathlon at sprint and Olympic distances. There is also a museum on the park grounds.</p><br>
<h2>Weather</h2><br>
<p>Lake Perris has hot, dry summers and cool, moist winters. Rainy weather is limited almost completely to the months between November and April. The area lies at a crossroads of weather influences. Coastal fog (and smog) comes from the west, while "Santa Anas"—strong, hot dry winds—come from the deserts to the east and northeast. The average water temperature is 70 °F (21 °C); during the summer months, it is bathwater-warm and very pleasant to swim in.</p><br>
<h2>Lake Perris water withdrawal</h2><br>
<p>For several months following July 2005, the water in Lake Perris was drawn down by about 20 percent (about 24 feet) due to safety concerns with the dam. An extensive modern study concluded that the dam could be partially breached if a 7.5 magnitude or higher earthquake were to strike in the area. Heightening the engineers&#39; fears was the fact that the San Jacinto Fault, easily capable of creating a 7.5 tremor, passes just a few miles north of the lake. It may take more than two years for the state to plan a course of action to bolster the dam.</p><br>
<p>All recreational activities are still allowed, with some restrictions. Most noticeably, the 35 mi/h boating zone has been reduced to the area between the dam and Alessandro Island. The area from the island east is now a 5 mph (wakeless speed) area. Swimming is only allowed at Perris Beach (Lots 1, 2, 3, and 4). Reservations for boats are highly recommended in the summer; weekends sell out fast. Since the drawdown there are fewer first-come, first-served spots available for watercraft. In the summer of 2006 (Memorial Day to Labor Day) most reservations sold out a week or two in advance.</p><br>
<h2>2028 Summer Olympics</h2><br>
<p>The Los Angeles Olympic Bid for the 2024 Summer Olympic Games made an agreement with the Department of Parks and Recreation for the Lake to be host for competitive Canoe-Sprint and rowing competition when Los Angeles hosts the 2028 Summer Olympics. The bid committee preferred Lake Perris to Lake Casitas as Lake Perris is near a larger population area and its close proximity to UCR.</p><br>
<p>The Neilson House is a historic house located on CR 234 in Windsor, Florida. It is locally significant as a singularly fine example of a style of architecture which is exceptionally rare in Florida.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Neilson House is a mortise-and-tenon system of wood frame construction. Posts and beams are fairly thick in sectior) creating a rigid frame which requires little diagonal bracing. The house is somewhat irregular in plan particularly in its system of porches and verandas. The rooms, however, present an ordered interior space as they all lie off of a central hall running the entire depth of the house.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 4, 1973.</p><br>
<p>The historic Meetinghouse of Church on the Hill is located at 169 Main Street in Lenox, Massachusetts, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The congregation, which was gathered in 1769, belongs to the United Church of Christ. It also owns a smaller building at 55 Main Street, Lenox, which contains the church offices, a chapel, and meeting spaces.</p><br>
<p>The Meetinghouse was built in 1805 by architect and builder Benjamin D. Goodrich of Richmond, Massachusetts, based on a design by Asher Benjamin. It was dedicated on January 1, 1806. Its total cost was $6,619.00 including furnishings. The building was erected on land near the earlier Meetinghouse (built 1770), which it replaced.</p><br>
<p>The current pastor is the Rev. Dr. John A. Nelson.</p><br>
<h2>Ministers</h2><br>
<p>1770-1793 Rev. Samuel Munson</p><br>
<p>1795-1846 Rev. Samuel Shepard, D.D.</p><br>
<p>1846-1854 Rev. Henry Neill</p><br>
<p>1854-1859 Rev. Edmund K. Alden</p><br>
<p>1860-1865 Rev. Reuben S. Kendall</p><br>
<p>1872-1873 Rev. Samuel H. Tolman</p><br>
<p>1874-1880 Rev. Charles H. Parkhurst</p><br>
<p>1880-1889 Rev. R. DeWitt Mallary</p><br>
<p>1890-1898 Rev. Edward Day</p><br>
<p>1899-1904 Rev. Frederick Lynch</p><br>
<p>1904-1907 Rev. Clayton J. Potter</p><br>
<p>Goumenissa  is a small traditional town in the Kilkis regional unit, Central Macedonia, Greece. It was the capital of the former Paionia Province. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Paionia, of which it is a community and a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 208.949 km. The 2011 census recorded 3,609 residents in the community and 6,130 residents in the municipal unit. The town sits on the southeastern part of the Paiko mountain range. Located 69 km northwest of Thessaloniki, 539 km north of Athens and 20 km north of Pella, the ancient capital of the kingdom of Macedon. Goumenissa is the seat of the Greek Orthodox diocese of Goumenissa, Axioupoli and Polykastro.</p><br>
<p>Goumenissa has narrow streets lined with traditional houses and is renowned for a wide range of things; apart from its preindustrial monuments built beside lush springs, there are traditional wineries which prove the expertise of this small country town to produce good quality wine. It is known for its folklore museum, its impromptu brass bands (Τα Χάλκινα της Γουμένισσας Ta Chalkina tis Goumenissas) and its customs, events and fetes, all of them are reflective of the traditional lifestyle.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>There are a lot of versions of the origin of the name Goumenissa. According to the local tradition, robbers hung the Abbot (Greek: Ηγούμενος egoumenos) of the abbey, and the city&#39;s name, which means place of Abbot derived from this. In Bulgarian, it was called Гуменидже Gumenidzhe.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Hellenistic Era</h3><br>
<p>The town is located in part of the ancient Paeonia, the exact boundaries of which, like the early history of its inhabitants, are very obscure. According to Herodotus (v. 16), they were Teucrian colonists from Troy. Homer (Iliad, book II, line 848) speaks of Paeonians from the Axios River fighting on the side of the Trojans, but the Iliad does not mention whether the Paeonians were kin to the Trojans. Homer gives the Paionian leader as a certain Pyraechmes; later on in the Iliad a second leader is mentioned, Asteropaeus son of Pelagon.</p><br>
<h3>Roman Era (146 BC - 330)</h3><br>
<p>After the Roman conquest of Macedon in 146 BC, Paionia east and west of the Axios formed the second and third districts respectively of the Roman province of Macedonia (Livy xiv. 29). Centuries later under Diocletian, Paionia and Pelagonia formed a province called Macedonia secunda or Macedonia Salutaris, belonging to the Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum.</p><br>
<h3>Byzantine Era (330 - 1387)</h3><br>
<p>When the Roman Empire was divided into eastern and western segments ruled from Constantinople and Rome respectively, Goumenissa came under the control of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire). Goumenissa passed out of Byzantine hands in 1204, when Constantinople was captured by the Fourth Crusade and became part of the Kingdom of Thessalonica - the largest fief of the Latin Empire, covering most of north and central Greece.</p><br>
<p>In 1224 it was seized by Theodore Komnenos Doukas, the Greek ruler of Despotate of Epirus. The area was recovered by the Byzantine Empire in 1246. First report with the name Goumenissa we have at the year 1346, at the era of Palaiologos Dynasty. In an Imperial Act of this year, the region of Goumenissa is granted in the Holly Abbey Ibyron of Mount Athos and becomes religious centre because of the Monastery of Virgin Mary. Next to Monastery existed a settlement that little later with the union of small agro-pastoral settlements will create a dynamic town that will be named Goumenissa.</p><br>
<h3>Ottoman Era (1387 - 1912)</h3><br>
<p>The Ottomans had captured Goumenissa in 1387. Under the rule of the Ottoman Empire the area was characterized self-governed town and acquired privileges because of the important production of buckram, used for the military uniforms of the Ottoman army. Goumenissa prospered during the 19th century and became economic, cultural and religious centre of the region. The famed wine of Goumenissa, made out of local varieties like Xinomavro and Negoska, become popular in the Ottoman Empire and beyond, particularly in Central Europe.</p><br>
<p>Even though being a town with privileges, it was not uninvolved in the Greek War of Independence of 1821. By the outbreak of the revolution, the Ottoman army conducted searches of premises and found 49 rifles. This led to violent islamization ordered by Pasha of Thessaloniki Abdul Abud. The punishment included the handing over of money, food, animals and carriages.</p><br>
<p>The Russian slavist Victor Grigorovich in 1845, however, recorded Igumencho as mostly Bulgarian village. The first Bulgarian school was founded in 1866-1867.</p><br>
<h4>The Macedonian Struggle</h4><br>
<p>By 1899, the Bulgarian guerrillas of the Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organisation (IMRO) turned against Ottoman authorities. Gradually, tensions increased among the followers of the Patriarchate of Constantinople (mostly Greeks) and those of the Bulgarian Exarchate (mostly Bulgarians) to the point of armed conflict.</p><br>
<p>The rioting in Macedonia, the atrocities of Bulgarian guerrilla troops against Greek locals and especially the death of Pavlos Melas (killed by Turks in 1904) caused intense nationalistic feelings in Greece. This led to the decision to send more Greek guerrilla troops in order to thwart Bulgarian efforts.</p><br>
<p>The village also had supporters of the Bulgarian cause. Notably, 21 persons joined the Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Volunteer Corps</p><br>
<p>Conflicts ended after the revolution of Young Turks in July 1908, as they promised to respect all ethnicities and religions and generally to provide a constitution.</p><br>
<p>On October 23, 1912, during the course of the First Balkan War Goumenissa was conquered by the Greek army and incorporated into the Greek Kingdom.</p><br>
<h4>=Greek Macedonian fighters =</h4><br>
<p>Goumenissa: Dimitrios Aliris, Ioannis Aliris, Christos Aliris, Ioannis Vouzas, Vassilios Karakolis, Athanassios Maltsis, Georgios Metaxas, Georgios Pazaretzos, Ioannis Papageorgiou, Nikolaos Papamanolis, Ioannis Pissoutas, Athanassios Pipsos, Georgios Poulkas, Aggelos Sakellariou, Eleni Samara, Georgios Samaras, Dimitrios Samaras, Konstantinos Samaras, Athanassios Slapakis, Dimitrios Slioupikidis, Athanassios Tzanas, Georgios Totsis, Christos Toumpas, Athanassios Tsimirikos, Nikolaos Chatzivrettas, Christos Chatzidimitrakis</p><br>
<p>Kastaneri": Georgios Dogiamas, Lazaros Dogiamas, Traianos Dogiamas, Christos Dogiamas, Traianos Touloupis,</p><br>
<p>Karpi": Athanassios Zaras, Athanassios Betsis, Traianos Partoulas, Georgios Softsis, Traianos Softsis,</p><br>
<p>Griva": Ioannis Ekonomou, Christos Poulkas, Christos Pipsos</p><br>
<h4>=Bulgarian Macedonian fighters=</h4><br>
<p>Goumenissa: Ichko Boychev (1882–1960),Христо Григоров, Ичко Бойчев - горноджумайският войвода. Живот и революционно дело /1882-1960/, Библиотека Македония, София 1999,</p><br>
<p>Ivan Limonchev, Ivan Alev (1851–1919), Konstantin Dzekov, Mihail Chakov, Hristo Batandzhiev, Hristo Shaldev, Vangel Gologanov, Gono Azarov, Domitar Shotev, Ivan Karadzov (1870–1913).</p><br>
<h3>Modern Era (1912 - present)</h3><br>
<p>During World War I, late 1915, Franco-British divisions under the command of French General Maurice Sarrail marched on Paionia Province. A French Division camped in Goumenissa and built a military hospital, a power station and the famous Fountain in Central Square.</p><br>
<p>The population exchanges among Greece, Turkey, and Bulgaria after 1923 resulted in the replacement by Greek refugees from East Thrace, Asia Minor and Eastern Rumelia of most of the Slavic and Turkish elements. Greek Macedonia experienced radical demographic transformations with the arrival of the Pontic Greeks; by 1928, 427 families comprising 1,676 inhabitants arrived from Turkey. The Slavic-speaking minority in Greek Macedonia, who were referred to by the Greek authorities as “Slavomacedonians”, “Slavophone Greeks” and “Bulgarisants”, were subjected to a gradual assimilation by the Greek majority. Their numbers were reduced by a large-scale emigration to North America in the 1920s and the 1930s and to Eastern Europe and Yugoslavia following the Greek Civil War (1944–1949). During World War II Goumenissa and Central Macedonia were occupied (1941–44) by Germany. During the same time a detachment of the pro-Bulgarian paramilitary organization Ohrana was formed.</p><br>
<p>In the 1950s there was a massive emigration to the United States, Australia, Canada, West Germany and other Greek cities, mainly to Thessaloniki and Athens. In the 1980s many civil war refugees were allowed to re-emigrate.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Goumenissa is subdivided into the following communities:</p><br>
<p>Goumenissa (η Γουμένισσα) Town Hall</p><br>
<p>Griva (η Γρίβα)</p><br>
<p>Gerakon (η Γερακών)</p><br>
<p>Karpi (η Κάρπη)</p><br>
<p>Kastaneri (η Καστανερή)</p><br>
<p>Omalos (ο Ομαλός)</p><br>
<p>Pentalofon (το Πεντάλοφον)</p><br>
<p>Stathis (ο Στάθης)</p><br>
<p>Filyria (η Φιλυριά)</p><br>
<h3>Mayors of Goumenissa</h3><br>
<h2>Landmarks</h2><br>
<p>Central Square</p><br>
<p>The French Fountain</p><br>
<p>Square of St. George</p><br>
<p>Small Square</p><br>
<p>Macedonian Folklore Museum (Goumenissa)</p><br>
<p>Silk Factory</p><br>
<p>Boutari Winery, Aidarinis Winery, Domaine Tatsis, Distillery Dimitri Kambouri</p><br>
<p>Two Rivers</p><br>
<p>Traditional mountainous settlement of Kastaneri</p><br>
<h3>Monasteries</h3><br>
<p>Monastery of the Virgin Mary at Goumenissa (Est. 1100)</p><br>
<p>Belongs to:</p><br>
<p>Monastery of St. Nikodimos at Pentalofon (Est. 1981)</p><br>
<p>Dependency of: the Monastery of Simonos Petra, Mount Athos</p><br>
<p>Monastery of St. Raphael, Nicholas & Irene at Griva (Est. 1992)</p><br>
<p>Belongs to:</p><br>
<p>Monastery of St. George at Anydron (Est. 1991) (convent)</p><br>
<p>Belongs to:</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>According to the Hellenic Statistical Authority, in 2001 Goumenissa was the town with the third largest population in Kilkis Prefecture, with an estimated population of 4,073.</p><br>
<p>In Goumenissa live a population of 300 of Rom origin. They live in the south-eastern department of city, which in 1983, with an Act of Municipal Council, was named “Settlement of Saint George”.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>Goumenissa is a famous wine producing region with Appellation d’origine de Qualite Superieure</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<p>Goumenissa as filming location:</p><br>
<p>1986 The Beekeeper (Greek: Ο Μελισσοκόμος)</p><br>
<p>Director:Theo Angelopoulos</p><br>
<p>Cast: Marcello Mastroianni, Nadia Mourouzi, Jenny Roussea, Dinos Iliopoulos</p><br>
<p>1981 The Factory (Greek: Το Εργοστάσιο)(French L&#39;usine)</p><br>
<p>Director:Tasos Psaras</p><br>
<p>Cast: Vasilis Kolovos, Dimitra Hatoupi</p><br>
<h2>Sport clubs</h2><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>Goumenissa is accessed</p><br>
<p>From Athens with GR-1/E75 to Polykastron Interchange</p><br>
<p>From Thessaloniki with E86 to Gefyra Junction then E75 to Polykastron Interchange or E86 to Intetchange after 1 km from Nea Pella</p><br>
<p>From Igoumenitsa and Alexandroupolis with GR-4/GR-2/E90 (Via Egnatia motorway) to Chalastra Interchange then E75 to Polykastron Interchange</p><br>
<p>From the Republic of Macedonia with E75 to Polykastron Interchange</p><br>
<p>By bus from Athens and Thessaloniki</p><br>
<p>By railway from Thessaloniki and Central Europe to Polykastron Station 15 km from Goumenissa</p><br>
<p>By air from Makedonia Airport (SKG) Thessaloniki.If you have a private plane 15 km from Goumenissa</p><br>
<p>Doirani  is a town and former municipality in the Kilkis regional unit, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Kilkis, of which it is a municipal unit. It is situated on the shores of Doiran Lake, which marks the border between Greece and the Republic of Macedonia. The municipal unit has an area of 81.213 km. It had a population of 1,404 according to the 2011 census. It is the Greek part of the former municipality of Doyuran, which was divided in 1913 by the new borders created between Greece and what was then Serbia. The part at the other side of the border is called Dojran. The name comes from the ancient name Doviros.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Doirani was the site of much Greek-Bulgarian inter-ethnic fighting during the Macedonian Struggle in the early 20th century. Konstantinos Papagiannakis from Doirani was the most prominent Greek Macedonian Fighter in the area.</p><br>
<p>Evropos  is a village and a former municipality in the former Paionia Province, Kilkis regional unit, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Paionia, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 80.922 km. Population 4,518 .</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the Macedonian Struggle (1904–1908) a lot of locals fought for Union with Greece. Some of the Macedonian fighters were:</p><br>
<p>Petros Pechlivanis, Polypetro</p><br>
<p>Nikolaos Georgiadis, Agios Petros</p><br>
<p>Ioannis Ilkos, Agios Petros</p><br>
<p>Christos Ioannidis, Agios Petros</p><br>
<p>Dimitrios Karastogiannis, Agios Petros</p><br>
<p>Nikolaos Karastogiannis, Agios Petros</p><br>
<p>Athanassios Karatragiannis, Agios Petros</p><br>
<p>Stavros Karatragiannis, Agios Petros</p><br>
<p>Ekaterini Kitsouki, Agios Petros</p><br>
<p>Stavros Kitsoukis, Agios Petros</p><br>
<p>Sotirios Kotzampassis, Agios Petros</p><br>
<p>Athanassios Papadopoulos, Agios Petros</p><br>
<p>Dionyssios Papadopoulos, Agios Petros</p><br>
<p>father Emmanouel Papamanolis, Agios Petros</p><br>
<p>A sixth century bc Kouros found here is exhibited in the Archaeological Museum of Kilkis.</p><br>
<p>Kroussa or Kroussia  is a former municipality in Kilkis regional unit, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Kilkis, of which it is a municipal unit. It is located in the northeastern corner of the regional unit, bordering western Serres and northern Thessaloniki. The municipal unit has an area of 588.877 km. Its population is 4,638 . The seat of the municipality was in Terpyllos . Melissourgio is one of the most picturesque villages in the municipal unit. Agios Antonios is one of the villages nearby. The largest villages in the municipal unit are Efkarpía , Térpyllos, Eptálofos , Váthi  and Fyska . The municipal unit is divided into 19 communities. In Palatiano, there is the most important archaeological site of Northern Greece. It was the ancient city of Ioron, flourished from 10th century BC to 3rd century AD, continuously.</p><br>
<p>In the Macedonian Struggle, people of Kroussa villages fought in order to free their lands from Turkish and Bulgarians. Some of the Macedonian Fighters are:</p><br>
<p>Ioannis Villioglou "Kapetan Ramnalis", Issoma, (1885–1923)</p><br>
<p>father Dimitrios Papadimitriou, Issoma</p><br>
<p>Nikolaos Kapoulas, Koronouda</p><br>
<p>Polykastro  is a town and a former municipality in Kilkis regional unit of Central Macedonia, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Paionia, of which it is a municipal unit, and the seat.</p><br>
<p>The municipal unit has an area of 312.717 km, the municipal unit 45.775 km. The municipal unit of Polykastro has 12,000 inhabitants, and includes Polykastro and 23 villages. It is built near the Axios River, on the road and railway from Thessaloniki to Belgrade. It was formerly known as Karasuli (Turkish), Mavrosuli or Rugunovec (Bulgarian: Ругуновец).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Ancient times</h3><br>
<p>It was inhabited in the Neolithic Era. There are two settlements from that era: in Axiochorion (Amydon) and in Limnotopos (Carabia). In the Bronze Age, 3500 to 3000 BC, Paeonians moved into the area. In Axiochorion was the capital of Paeonia, Amydon. Paeonians from Amydon took part in the Trojan War as Trojan allies, with King Pyraechmes and Asteropaeus. King Pelegon was the one who led Paeonians from the northern valley of the Axios river to the southern valley, now called Amphaxitis. Paeonians also, founded the town Chaetae in Tsaousitsa, near Pontoiraklia. In the 19th century BC, there was an invasion from the east. The invaders were Pelasgians, later known as Crestonians, as they inhabited Krestonia, east of Amphaxitis. In the 12th century BC Phrygians came in the area. Amydon became the first place of iron treatment in Southeast Europe. Phrygians founded the town Baerus or Vairos near the village Kastro. In the 5th century B.C. Macedonians conquered Amphaxitis and by that time, the Area of Polykastro followed the rest of Greece.</p><br>
<h3>Roman and East Roman (Byzantine) times</h3><br>
<p>In Roman times, Amydon was completely destroyed. Polykastron (Tauriana) belonged in 2nd Division of Macedonia, with Thessaloniki as the capital. During Roman times, 2nd century BC to 4th century AD, Gauls, Goths and Germans made incursions. In Byzantine times there were many wars with the northern tribes, as Avars, Vardars, Bulgars and Slavs and the area was severely affected. In the 13th century, the Byzantine Emperors rebuilt the fortress of Vairos in order to face the northern enemies.</p><br>
<h3>Ottoman times</h3><br>
<p>In 1397 the area was conquered by the Ottoman Empire. Ottomans started a program of Islamification. Many people left the area to live in the mountains. According to Ottoman traveller Hadji Khalfa, the area was populated only by Greeks and Turks. After the 15th century the area relied on its agricultural economy. Many farm workers came from other places of the Ottoman Empire, in order to work because many locals refused to work in Ottoman owned farms. After the 16th century, many Sarakatsani arrived in the area from Epirus. During 17th and 18th centuries, Greek Vlachs came in the area, from Western Macedonia, removed because of Turkish/Albanian loots. It is remarkable that in the villages Evzoni and Korona, people used to speak a Romanian dialect, called Megleno-Romanian. There are such speakers even nowadays. Researcher Maria Papageorgiou claims that a lot of plays of ancient Greek tragic poets, not preserved nowadays, were kept verbally, in this dialect, as tales.</p><br>
<p>During the Greek War Independence of 1821, people of Polykastro fought against the Turkish army in the revolutionary movement of Bogdanci, in order to liberate Greece, but were unsuccessful. The revolution continued in Southern Greece. A lot of Polykastro fighters and fighters from near villages (such as Gevgelija, Bogdanci, etc.) went in Southern Greece in order to fight the Turkish Army there.It is remarkable that in the first provisional Greek government, a committee was established, called Committee of North Macedonians, consisted of three members. One of the three members was from Bogdanci.</p><br>
<p>After 1850, five Greek communities had been established in the region; in Polykastro, Axiochori, Aspros, Evzonoi and Metamorfossis and four Greek schools; in Polykastro, Aspros, Axiochori and Evzonoi. Two Greek churches and one school were built in the village, they are known as Agii Anargyri (Taxiarches nowadays) and Agios Athanassios.</p><br>
<p>In 1870 the railway station of Karasouli was established. Ottomans named the town Karasouli. That name comes from the Turkish words "kara"=black and "suli"=swamp. Another interpretation of the name, is that the Ottomans named it after a local man who had dark skin and was originally from Souli, Epirus.</p><br>
<p>Late 19th century and early 20th century the conflict between Bulgarians and Greeks in Macedonia led to armed collisions. A lot of local Greek troops were acting in the region of Polykastro municipality. Georgios Vegyris, Georgios Didaskalou and Christos Doitsinis from village Evzoni organised troops against Bulgarians. In the nearby village of Vogoroitsa (now Bogorodica, in the Rep. of Macedonia) act troops with leaders: Christos Dringas and Dimitrios Ouroumis. Also in Pardeitsa (now Prdeic, in the Rep. of Macedonia) the teams of Aggelos Athanassiou and Aggelos Dakos act. Those troops were acting in the whole area from Bogdanci and Gevgeli, to Polykastro, Aspros and Doirani.</p><br>
<p>In 1900, the ethnic composition of the town had changed with many Turks, Adyghe and Romani immigrating to the area. However, according to Bulgarian scholars, Bulgarians still comprised the majority of the population. The ethnic composition of the village according to Vasil Kanchov in 1900 was 340 Bulgarians, 200 Turks, 12 Adyghe and 55 Romani people. The "La Macédoine et sa Population Chrétienne" survey by Dimitar Mishev concluded that the Christian population was composed of 312 Bulgarian Exarchists, 144 Bulgarian Patriarchists and 30 Romanis. Bulgarians maintainеd a school also, in the village in the beginning of the 20th century. Another population data source could be found in Ottoman, Bulgarian and Greek statistics of the era. According to these sources them the population of the area of Polykastro municipality was 7,000 people, 1,000 of whom Greeks, 4,000 Bulgarians and 2,000 Muslims, mainly Turks.</p><br>
<h3>Macedonian Struggle</h3><br>
<p>The Macedonian Struggle of 1904-1908 aimed at liberating Macedonia from the colapsing Ottoman Empire and uniting it with Greece; several Polykastrins fought against Bulgarian detachments of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) and Turkish Armies. The Greek commander Georgios Karaiskakis from Bogdanca (now in the Republic of Macedonia) and his troop were the main defenders of the area. Georgios Karaiskakis "Vogdantsiotis" was acting in an area from Gevgelija and Stromnitsa (now Strumica) to Doirani, Polykastro and Aspros. He was killed in a battle near Strumica against the Bulgarians in 1905. Michael Sionidis from Evzonoi was the most important Macedonian fighter against Bulgarians and took revenge for many assassinations of Greeks by Bulgarians. Georgios Koukogiannis from Metamorphossis with Asterios Demou and Lazaros Doitsinis from Evzonoi were defending their villages by Bulgarians. Konstantinos Argyriou from Polykastro with Traianos Antoniou and Demetrios Giovanis from Axiochorion were fighting and organising the Greek schools.</p><br>
<p>Finally Polykastro and the area was captured by the Greek Army during the First Balkan War in 1912. Most of its Bulgarian population was expelled to Bulgaria.</p><br>
<h3>Modern times</h3><br>
<p>Polykastro has witnessed the flow of refugees, from Syria and other countries. Refugees who had arrived on the Southern Sporades islands, and had subsequently been transported to Athens or Thessaloniki would then make their way to the border at Idomeni to the north of Polykastro, often passing by the town on the highway. After the substantial closure of that border in 2015, refugees started camping out, for example at petrol stations on the highway. Humanitarian agency Médecins Sans Frontières set up its offices for the area in Polykastro.</p><br>
<h2>Famous inhabitants of Polykastro</h2><br>
<p>Ivancho Karasuliyata (1875–1905), IMRO revolutionary</p><br>
<p>Michael Sionidis, (1870–1935), Greek Macedonian Leader in the Macedonian Struggle</p><br>
<p>Georgios Karaiskakis Vogdantsiotis, Greek Macedonian Leader in the Macedonian Struggle</p><br>
<p>Anton Yugov (1904–1991), Prime Minister of Bulgaria</p><br>
<p>Alexandros Karathodoros, (1908–1981), member of parliament (1946–1967), minister of transport (1952–1954)</p><br>
<p>Pagonis Vakalopoulos, international football player</p><br>
<p>Zafirios Katramadas, actor</p><br>
<p>Chryssoula Goudenoudi, champion runner</p><br>
<p>Vasiliki Papa, actress,singer</p><br>
<p>Livadia  is a village and a former community in the former Paionia Province, Kilkis regional unit, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Paionia, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 32.282 km. 11 km northwest of Griva, 15 km northwest of Goumenissa. Its population in 2011 was 404. It includes two villages: Megala Livadia and Mikra Livadia .</p><br>
<p>This historic community took part in various Greek revolutions, in particular the Macedonian Struggle in which many of inhabitants of Livadia participated, including:</p><br>
<p>Anastassios Bilis Koulinas</p><br>
<p>Nikolaos Nessios</p><br>
<p>Konstantinos Balas</p><br>
<p>Michael Balas</p><br>
<p>Michael Batsios</p><br>
<p>Dimitrios Bellis</p><br>
<p>Michael Papanikolaou</p><br>
<p>Nikolaos Saramanis</p><br>
<p>Georgios Takiris</p><br>
<p>Athanassios Tikas</p><br>
<p>Aristides Tikas</p><br>
<p>Georgios Chatzivrettas</p><br>
<p>Michael Bellis</p><br>
<p>Georgios Bellis (Belles)</p><br>
<p>Stergios Naoum (Kapetan Naoum)</p><br>
<p>Chott el Djerid  also spelled Sciott Gerid and Shott el Jerid, is a large endorheic salt lake in southern Tunisia. The name can be translated from the Arabic into English as "Lagoon of the Land of Palms".</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The bottom of Chott el Djerid is located between 10 and 25 meters below sea level.</p><br>
<p>The lake is shaped like a wolf, with a width that varies widely; at its narrowest point, it is only 20 km across, compared to its overall length of 250 km. At times, parts of it appear in various shades of white, green and purple. The narrow eastward inlet of the chott is also known as Chott el Fejej.</p><br>
<p>It is the largest salt pan of the Sahara Desert, with a surface area of over 7,000 km (some sources state 5,000 km). The site has a typical hot desert climate. Due to the harsh climate with mean annual rainfall of below 100 mm and daytime temperatures sometimes reaching 50 °C (122 °F) or more during summer with dense solar radiation, water evaporates from the lake. In summer Chott el Djerid is almost entirely dried up, and numerous fata morganas occur.</p><br>
<p>situated at 33 ° 42N 8 ° 26E in the center-west of the country, between the cities of Tozeur and Kebili.</p><br>
<p>During winter, a small tributary of water can be seen discharging into the lake.</p><br>
<p>Because the flooded area is very variable, the values presented for the area of the lake (or its basin), mostly almost always dry, can vary widely according to the author, some of them reaching the value of 10 000 km² for the area Maximum. Something similar happens with altitude, whose values vary between +10 and -25 meters below sea level.</p><br>
<p>Currently, freshwater irrigation schemes are applied in the region to help eliminate salt from soils and increase the productive area.</p><br>
<h2>Surrounding area</h2><br>
<p>South of Chott el Djerid, the Grand Erg Oriental desert begins. The towns of Kebili and Douz are also located south of the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The lake can be crossed by foot and even by car, but this is very dangerous since the salt crust is not always firm.</p><br>
<p>During winter, when the lake is full, it can be crossed by boat. Piles of salt at its edges are collected for salt production processing.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>Relict populations of the West African crocodile persisted in the Chott el Djerid until the early 20th century. Pink flamingos have been known to use the shores of the lake as nesting sites in springtime.</p><br>
<h2>Namesakes</h2><br>
<p>Chott el Djerid is the namesake of the Jerid Lacuna an Endorheic hydrocarbon lake on the Saturnian moon Titan. That lake is located 66.7°N and 221°W on Titan&#39;s globe and involves liquid methane and ethane, instead of water.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Chott el Djerid was used as a filming location for the Star Wars series, among others. It was also described in Jules Verne&#39;s last novel, Invasion of the Sea.</p><br>
<p>According to legend, it was there that the Greek goddess Athena was born.</p><br>
<p>The lake is the setting of Frank Heller&#39;s book The Thousand and Second Night, An Arabesque.</p><br>
<p>The Tiasmyn river  is a right tributary of the Dnieper River in Ukraine. The Tiasmyn originates in the north central part of the Dnieper hills in the central Ukrainian province of Kirovohrad. From there it flows through the Cherkasy Oblast, where it finally flows into the Kremenchuk Reservoir. The river forms a U-turn  in its central run. Not counting the rivers sharp turn, the rivers source and its delta are located only 33 km  away from each other.</p><br>
<p>Along the river&#39;s lower section there are important discovery sites of the Bilogrudivka/Chernoles culture near the settlement of Subotiv. These findings represent key late Bronze Age discoveries.</p><br>
<p>Cities and towns located on the river include: Kamianka, Smila, and Chyhyryn.</p><br>
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<p>Lyon Village is a neighborhood, or “urban village” located in Arlington County, Virginia, along Lee Highway . It adjoins Arlington County&#39;s government center , and is approximately one mile west of Rosslyn and less than a mile north of Clarendon, of which it is sometimes considered a sub-neighborhood, as is Cherrydale, the mostly residential district immediately west of Lyon Village.</p><br>
<h2>Modern geography</h2><br>
<p>According to the National Register of Historic places listing for the Lyon Village Historic District, accepted in 2002, it encompasses 1,073 contributing buildings and 1 contributing structure. The listing describes it as a "cohesive residential neighborhood in northern Arlington County, Virginia, located immediately north of the Clarendon Commercial District and roughly nestled between Wilson Boulevard to the south and Lee Highway to the north." Major thoroughfares provide access to commercial and employment centers in the surrounding county and nearby Washington, D.C. The 191 acre historic neighborhood extends east to North Veitch Street and westward to North Kirkwood Road, including forty-three acres more than the original 148 acres platted by Frank Lyon in 1923.</p><br>
<p>The modern neighborhoods commercial center includes a shopping center, with a Starbucks, Giant supermarket, CVS, and other stores, located at the confluence of Lee Highway, Spout Run Parkway and Interstate 66 (I-66). The area also includes a community house; a VFW hall named for the developers son, John Lyon, who died in World War I lies immediately east of the neighborhood. Parts of the neighborhood are near the Clarendon and Court House stations of Metrorail&#39;s Orange Line.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>According to the Arlington County Library, Robert Cruit, an immigrant from Devonshire, England, purchased land in the Clarendon area in 1825 for a farm. In 1923, his heirs sold the land to developer Frank Lyon, who subdivided it into tracts for residential development, including the eponymous Lyon Village. Most of the single family homes in the neighborhood were constructed in the 1920s and 1930s. The Civil War Fort Strong which once protected Washington DC is now long gone, replaced by multi-story apartment buildings overlooking Route 66. There have been a growing number of teardowns (as of 2016).</p><br>
<p>The first portion of the neighborhood to be platted as Lyon Village (by Frank Lyon in 1923) was landscaped with tree-lined streets, traffic circles, and an intricate system of curvilinear roads that complemented the less-than-one-acre housing lots. Aurora Heights and portions of Clarendon now fall within the current boundaries of Lyon Village and contain residential buildings constructed prior to Lyon&#39;s purchase of the Cruit property. Lyon Village was further enlarged by the platting of adjacent blocks with a more grid-like street pattern from the 1930s to the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>Lyon Village is defined by a variety of 20th-century architectural styles and building types ranging from early-20th-century high style to vernacular interpretations of the elaborate styles traditionally erected decades earlier. Primarily, the domestic buildings in Lyon Village range from the 1880s to infill housing of the late 1990s. Building forms and styles extend from the imposing brick Colonial Revival-style dwelling to the smaller bungalow. Architectural styles presented in Lyon Village were often diluted, illustrating modest examples of Queen Anne, Colonial Revival, Craftsman, Tudor Revival, Classical Revival and Spanish Mission Revival styles. The community is primarily made up of single-family dwellings, supported along the borders by multiple-family apartment buildings, a landscaped park and community building, churches, and commercial buildings (which are not included in the historic district). Many of the properties include freestanding or attached garages and sheds. The buildings, particularly the single-family dwellings, are buffered from the public streets by sidewalks and grassy medians.</p><br>
<p>Oheka Castle, also known as the Otto Kahn Estate, is located on the North Shore of Long Island, in the West Hills section of Huntington, NY. It was the country home of investment financier and philanthropist Otto Hermann Kahn and his family. The name Oheka is an acronym of its original owner&#39;s name Otto Hermann Kahn, which Kahn also used to name his yacht Oheka II and his ocean-front Villa Oheka in Palm Beach, Florida. The mansion was built by Kahn between 1914 and 1919, and is the second largest private home in the United States, comprising 127 rooms and over 109,000 ft2, as originally configured.</p><br>
<p>Today, the castle is a historic hotel, with 32 guest rooms and suites, and is a popular wedding venue for socialites, celebrities, and dignitaries, as well as the backdrop to many photo shoots, television series and Hollywood films. The estate also offers tours of the estate and gardens.</p><br>
<p>In 2004, Oheka was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early history</h3><br>
<p>In 1905, a previous country home of Kahn&#39;s, Cedar Court in Morristown, New Jersey, was virtually destroyed by fire. In constructing Oheka, Kahn determined to build a fireproof building, so he had his architects, Delano and Aldrich, design the building out of steel and concrete, making it one of the first totally fireproof residential buildings. In constructing the home, two years were spent building an artificial hill on which to place it, giving it views of Cold Spring Hills and Cold Spring Harbor.</p><br>
<p>Kahn commissioned the Olmsted Brothers to design the estate&#39;s grounds, centered on a formal axial sunken garden in the French manner, of clipped greens and gravel in parterres and water terraces, screened by high clipped hedging from the entrance drive that ran parallel to the main axis. Other features of the 443 acre complex included an 18-hole golf course designed by golf architect Seth Raynor, one of the largest private greenhouse complexes in America, tennis courts, an indoor swimming pool, a landing strip, orchards, and stables.</p><br>
<p>Several years after Kahns death in 1934, the estate was sold. After the sale, it was used for several purposes, including as a retreat for New York City sanitation workers. In 1948, Eastern Military Academy purchased the castle and 23 acre of its property, bulldozed the gardens and subdivided the rooms. The school occupied the house until it closed in 1979. For the next four years, the building remained empty, during which time over 100 documented arson attempts occurred, all of which the building survived, demonstrating Kahns success in building a fireproof building. In 1946 the golf course and stables became part of the Cold Spring Country Club, and the greenhouse complex operated as Otto Keil Florist. Much of the remainder of the property was developed into single-family homes.</p><br>
<h3>Restoration</h3><br>
<p>In 1984, Oheka was purchased by Gary Melius, a Long Island developer. Melius undertook the largest private residential renovation project in the United States to restore the house, which was in a state of almost total disrepair, and recreate the gardens from the original Olmsted plans. In 1988, unable to continue financing the massive project, Melius sold the property to Hideki Yokoi for $22.5 million. Ten years later, following a lawsuit, the building passed to one of Yokoi&#39;s daughters and her husband. They were unable to sustain the property themselves, so Melius reacquired it under a long-term lease and later re-purchased the estate, operating it as a weddings and events venue, luxury hotel and conference center.</p><br>
<h3>Later history</h3><br>
<p>Celebrities who have been married there include Curtis Martin, Kevin Jonas, Megyn Kelly, Joey Fatone and former USA Congressman Anthony Weiner.</p><br>
<p>On February 24, 2014, Melius survived a gunshot to the head by a masked gunman in the parking lot of the castle.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Film location for the movie Cruel Intentions.</p><br>
<p>Oheka served as partial inspiration for Gatsbys estate in F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby.</p><br>
<p>In Dream World, his collection of songs, poems and stories, composer and musicologist Roger Lee Hall wrote about his years attending Eastern Military Academy at Oheka Castle in the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>In the 1941 film Citizen Kane, photographs of Oheka were used to portray the fictional Xanadu.</p><br>
<p>The castle is shown in the 2008 movie What Happens in Vegas, with stars Cameron Diaz and Ashton Kutcher.</p><br>
<p>It is Boris&#39;s mansion "Shadow Pond" on the television show Royal Pains, which ran from 2009 to 2016.</p><br>
<p>R&B singer Brandy&#39;s 1995 music video "Brokenhearted", directed by Hype Williams and featuring Wanya Morris, was filmed inside the castle.</p><br>
<p>Oheka was the set of the fictional Avalon Castle in the 2010 soap opera As the World Turns.</p><br>
<p>It was also shown in the 2010 film It&#39;s Kind of a Funny Story.</p><br>
<p>It was the location of a charity event in the television show Louie, where Jerry Seinfield and Louis C.K. performed for the event.</p><br>
<p>The castle was featured in the music video for Taylor Swift&#39;s 2014 song "Blank Space".</p><br>
<p>The castle was also used in the music video "Cookie" by recording artist R. Kelly.</p><br>
<p>The castle appeared briefly as the location of an economic summit in the 19th episode of the first season of American political drama Madam Secretary, titled "Spartan Figures".</p><br>
<p>The castle was featured on Travel Channels "Mega Mansions" that also streams on Netflix. The premise of the show was to give viewers an "all-access pass inside Americas most enormous, opulent and advanced Mega Mansions."</p><br>
<p>Meadow Brook Hall is a Tudor revival style mansion located at 480 South Adams Road in Rochester Hills, Michigan. It was built between 1926 and 1929 by Matilda Dodge Wilson  and her second husband, lumber broker Alfred G. Wilson. In 1957, the mansion and the surrounding property and buildings were donated to the State of Michigan in order to fund Michigan State University–Oakland, now known as Oakland University. In 2012, it was named a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Meadow Brook Farms originally belonged to Matildas first husband, automotive tycoon John F. Dodge. He purchased the property along with the large white farmhouse off of Adams Road as a holiday retreat for his family. John Dodge had three children with his first wife, Ivy Hawkins, and three with Matilda Rausch. The mansion is located on a 1,443 acre estate off South Adams Road; Dodge added a nine-hole golf course, some of the holes of which still follow the current Katke-Cousins 18-hole course on the property. Throughout her lifetime, Matilda resided in the hall for over forty years. Some of the familys time was spent vacationing at their summer home in Bar Harbor, Maine and winter home in Scottsdale, Arizona. The hall was also partially closed for a brief time during the depth of the Depression.</p><br>
<p>Often referred to as one of America&#39;s "castles," the 110-room, 88,000 ft&sup2; mansion is currently ranked sixth on the list of Largest Historic Homes in the United States, but is the third largest historic house museum. It was designed by William Kapp of the firm Smith, Hinchman & Grylls in a Tudor-revival style and built of predominantly American materials. The playful Romanesque architectural sculpture that adorns the building was created by Corrado Parducci. Much of the original artwork collected by the Wilsons is still found at Meadow Brook including paintings by Anthony van Dyck, Rosa Bonheur, Joshua Reynolds, John Constable and Thomas Gainsborough and sculpture by Antoine-Louis Barye, Cyrus Edwin Dallin, and Herbert Haseltine. The home and the surrounding estate, known as Meadow Brook Farms, are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and as of 2012, the estate is a National Historic Landmark. Landmark status is the highest honor a historic place in the United States can receive.</p><br>
<p>In 1957, Alfred and Matilda Dodge Wilson donated all of their estate to Michigan State University, including Meadow Brook Hall, Sunset Terrace, the Wilsons retirement home, and all its other buildings and collections, along with $2 million to fund Michigan State University-Oakland (now Oakland University). The Wilsons, who retained lifetime rights to the houses, lived in the Sunset Terrace home until Alfreds death in 1962. In 1963, Mrs. Wilson returned to Meadow Brook Hall and lived there until her death in 1967.</p><br>
<h2>Concours d'Elegance</h2><br>
<p>The Meadow Brook Concours d&#39;Elegance was held annually during August on the grounds of Meadow Brook Hall from 1979 until 2010. This week-long event was one of the largest and most prestigious collector car shows in the world, making it a premiere social event in the tradition of the first Concours in 1920s Paris which was an exhibition of automotive design, craftsmanship, history and an elegant tool for automobile manufacturers to market beautiful high-design products to well-heeled clientele.</p><br>
<p>On July 20, 2010, promoters announced that the Concours dElegance would leave Meadow Brook Hall after that year for the Inn at St. Johns in Plymouth, Michigan. The event is now known at the Concours dElegance of America at St. Johns.</p><br>
<p>Rujm el-Hiri  is an ancient megalithic monument consisting of concentric circles of stone with a tumulus at center.</p><br>
<p>Made up of more than 42,000 basalt rocks arranged in concentric circles, it has a mound 15 ft tall at its center. Some circles are complete, others incomplete. The outermost wall is 520 ft in diameter and 8 ft high. The establishment of the site, and other nearby ancient settlements, is dated by archaeologists to the Early Bronze Age II period (3000–2700 BCE).</p><br>
<p>Since excavations have yielded very few material remains, Israeli archeologists theorize that the site was not a defensive position or a residential quarter but most likely a ritual center, possibly linked to the cult of the dead.</p><br>
<p>However, there is no consensus regarding its function, as no similar structure has been found in the Near East.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The name Rujm el-Hiri, "stone heap of the wild cat", The term rujm in Arabic (pl. rujum; Hebrew: rogem) can also refer to a tumulus, a heap of stones underneath which human burial space was located. The name is sometimes romanized as Rujm Hiri or Rujum al-Hiri.</p><br>
<p>Rogem Hiri is a Hebrew version of the Arabic name Rujm el-Hiri.</p><br>
<h2>Structure and description</h2><br>
<p>The site&#39;s size and location, on a wide plateau which is also scattered with hundreds of dolmens, means that an aerial perspective is necessary to see the complete layout. It was estimated by Freikman that the transportation and building of the massive monument would have required more than 25,000 working days. The site is often referred to as the "Stonehenge of the Levant."</p><br>
<p>The remains consist of a large circle (slightly oval) of basalt rocks, containing four smaller concentric circles, each getting progressively thinner; some are complete, others incomplete. The walls of the circles are connected by irregularly placed smaller stone walls perpendicular to the circles.</p><br>
<p>The central tumulus is built from smaller rocks, and is thought to have been constructed after the surrounding walls were constructed. Connecting to it are four main stone walls. The first wall, shaped like a semicircle, is 50m in diameter and 1.5m wide. That wall is connected to a second one, an almost complete circle 90m in diameter. The third wall is a full circle, 110m in diameter and 2.6m wide. The fourth and outermost wall is the largest: 150m in diameter and 3.2m wide.</p><br>
<p>A central tumulus 65 ft in diameter and 15 ft high is surrounded by concentric circles, the outermost of which is 520 ft in diameter and 8 ft high. Two entrances to the site face the northeast (29 m wide) and southeast (26 m wide). The northeast entrance leads to an accessway 20 ft long leading to the center of the circle which seems to point in the general direction of the June solstice sunrise. The axis of the tomb discovered at the sites center is similarly aligned. Mount Hermon is almost due north and Mount Tabor is close to December solstice sunrise. Geometry and astronomy are visually connected by the temples design.</p><br>
<h2>History and purpose</h2><br>
<p>The site was cataloged during an archaeological survey carried out in 1967-1968 by Shmarya Gutman and Claire Epstein. The surveyors used Syrian maps, and a Syrian triangulation post was found on top of its cairn. After this initial study, serious archaeological excavations commenced in the 1980s under Israeli professors Moshe Kochavi and Yoni Mizrachi, as part of the Land of Geshur Archaeological Project.</p><br>
<h3>Hypotheses</h3><br>
<p>Worship - According to this hypothesis, the site was used for special ceremonies during the longest and shortest days of the year. It seems, that in the year 3000 BCE, on the longest day, the first rays of the sun shone through the opening in the north-east gate, which is 20 by 29 meters. However, they did not shine in a perfect angle. It is assumed this is because the builders did not have sufficiently accurate architectural tools. The residents probably used the site to worship Tammuz and Ishtar, the gods of fertility, to thank them for the good harvest during the year. After the erection of the tomb in the center, the rays&#39; path was blocked.</p><br>
<p>Burial site - It appears that the place of worship later became a burial site for leaders or other important individuals. Supporting this theory was the tomb in the Dolman. However, no human remains were found, only objects pointing to its function as a tomb. Also, even if it were a tomb, that was not the site&#39;s original function, as the tomb is 1,000 years newer than the site itself.</p><br>
<p>Dakhma – Archaeologist Rami Arav suggests the site was used like the Dakhmas of the Zoroastrians, in which dead persons were laid out for birds to remove the flesh from their bones.</p><br>
<p>Calendar - Some believe the site was used as an ancient calendar. At the times of the two equinoxes, the sun&#39;s rays would pass between two rocks, 2m in height, 5m in width, at the eastern edge of the compound. According to Anthony Aveni and Yonatan Mizrachi the entrance to the center opens on sunrise of the summer solstice. Other notches in the walls indicate the spring and fall equinoxes.</p><br>
<p>Astronomical observations - Perhaps the site was used for astronomical observations of the constellations, probably for religious calculations. Researchers found the site was built with dimensions and scales common for other period structures, and partly based on the stars&#39; positions.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>In 2007, the site was excavated by Yosef Garfinkel and Michael Freikman of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Freikman returned in the summer of 2010 for further investigation of the sites date and function. Freikman believes that the tomb in the center was built at the same time as the rings. Tomb robbers looted the remains, which included jewelry and weapons, but based on the discovery of one Chalcolithic pin dropped in a passageway, Freikmans theory is that the tomb was the centerpiece of the rings.</p><br>
<p>New Age movements advocating a return to nature gather at the site on the summer solstice and on the equinox to view the first rays of the sun shine though the rocks.</p><br>
<p>The Golan Trail, a marked 130-kilometer walking trail that stretches along the whole length of the Golan Heights, passes Gilgal Refa&#39;im.</p><br>
<p>The Skeena Mountains, also known as the Skeenas, are a subrange of the Interior Mountains of northern British Columbia, Canada, essentially flanking the upper basin of the Skeena River. They lie just inland from the southern end of the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains, and also of the northern end of the Kitimat Ranges . Their southern limit is described by the Bulkley River  and the upper northwestern reaches of Babine and Takla Lakes, and on their northeast by the upper reaches of the Omineca River.</p><br>
<p>To the north the Skeenas abut the southern Tahltan Highland and Klastline Plateau, part of the southern reaches of the Stikine Plateau and the Spatsizi Plateau, another subplateau of the Stikine Plateau, which includes the uppermost part of the course of the Stikine River. To the northwest, across the narrow confines of the Spatsizi Plateau, are the Stikine Ranges of the Cassiar Mountains, while to the east of the Skeenas are the Omineca Mountains, while their southward counterparts are the Hazelton Mountains, all part of the Interior Mountains. Physiographically, they are a section of the larger Yukon-Tanana Uplands province, which in turn are part of the larger Interior System physiographic division (known in Wikipedia by its American name, the Intermontane Plateaus).</p><br>
<h2>Sub-ranges and mountains</h2><br>
<p>Atna Range, bounded by Shedin Creek, Shelagyote Creek, and Babine River.</p><br>
<p>Shedin Peak, highest summit of the Atna Range, 2,588 m.</p><br>
<p>Babine Range, between Babine Lake, Babine River, Bulkey River and Skeena River.</p><br>
<p>Mount Thomlinson</p><br>
<p>Sidina Mountain</p><br>
<p>Mount Thoen</p><br>
<p>Nine Mile Mountain</p><br>
<p>Netalzul Mountain</p><br>
<p>Mount Seaton</p><br>
<p>Mount Cronin</p><br>
<p>Bait Range, on the west side of northern Takla Lake.</p><br>
<p>Bait Peak, highest summit of the Bait Range, 2,286 m.</p><br>
<p>Mount Lovel</p><br>
<p>Mount Teegee</p><br>
<p>Frypan Peak</p><br>
<p>Trail Peak</p><br>
<p>Driftwood Range, between the headwaters of Driftwood River and Nilkitkwa River.</p><br>
<p>Driftwood Peak, highest summit of the Driftwood Range, 2,027 m.</p><br>
<p>Skutsil Knob</p><br>
<p>Klappan Range, between the Klappan River and Iskut River.</p><br>
<p>Maitland Volcano</p><br>
<p>Todagin Mountain</p><br>
<p>Tsatia Mountain</p><br>
<p>Oweegee Range, on the east side of Bell-Irving River.</p><br>
<p>Mount Skowill</p><br>
<p>Delta Peak</p><br>
<p>Mount Klayduc</p><br>
<p>Sicintine Range, south of the Skeena River between Sicintine River and Squingula River.</p><br>
<p>Shelagyote Peak, highest summit of the Sicintine Range, 2,472 m.</p><br>
<p>Nilkitkwa Peak</p><br>
<p>Mount Horetzky</p><br>
<p>Slamgeesh Range, between the Skeena River and Slamgeesh River.</p><br>
<p>Notchtop Peak</p><br>
<p>Stephen Peak</p><br>
<p>Foster Peak</p><br>
<p>Strata Range, between the Bell-Irving River, Taylor River, Taft Creek and Nass River.</p><br>
<p>Takla Range, bounded by Takla Lake and Northwest Arm.</p><br>
<p>Boling Peak</p><br>
<p>Base Peak</p><br>
<p>Spike Peak</p><br>
